Zofia Kossak-Szczucka


Zofia Kossak-Szczucka was a Polish writer and World War II resistance fighter. She co-founded two wartime Polish organizations: Front for the Rebirth of Poland and Żegota, set up to assist Polish Jews to escape the Holocaust. In 1943, she was arrested by the Germans and sent to Auschwitz Concentration Camp, but survived the war.

Biography

Early life

Zofia Kossak was the daughter of Tadeusz Kossak, who was the twin brother of painter Wojciech Kossak, and granddaughter of painter Juliusz Kossak. She married twice. In 1923, following the death of her first husband Stefan Szczucki in Lwiw, she settled in the village of Górki Wielkie in Cieszyn Silesia where in 1925 she married Zygmunt Szatkowski.

Activism

She was associated with the Czartak literary group, and wrote mainly for the Catholic press. Her best-known work from that period is The Blaze, a memoir of the Russian Revolution of 1917. In 1936, she received the prestigious Gold Laurel of the Polish Academy of Literature. Kossak-Szczucka's historical novels include Beatum scelus, Złota wolność, Legnickie pole, Trembowla, Suknia Dejaniry. Best known are Krzyżowcy, Król trędowaty, and Bez oręża dealing with the Crusades and later Francis of Assisi, translated into several languages. She also wrote Z miłości and Szaleńcy boży, on religious themes.

World War II

Press activities

During the German occupation of Poland, she worked in the underground press: from 1939 to 1941, she co-edited the underground newspaper Polska żyje. In 1941, she co-founded the Catholic organization Front Odrodzenia Polski, and edited its newspaper, Prawda. In the underground, she used the code name Weronika.

"Protest!"

In the summer of 1942, when the liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto began, Kossak-Szczucka published a leaflet entitled "Protest," of which 5,000 copies were printed. In the leaflet, she described in graphic terms the conditions in the Ghetto, and the horrific circumstances of the deportations then taking place. "All will perish... Poor and rich, old, women, men, youngsters, infants, Catholics dying with the name of Jesus and Mary together with Jews. Their only guilt is that they were born into the Jewish nation condemned to extermination by Hitler."
The world, Kossak-Szczucka wrote, was silent in the face of this atrocity. "England is silent, so is America, even the influential international Jewry, so sensitive in its reaction to any transgression against its people, is silent. Poland is silent... Dying Jews are surrounded only by a host of Pilates washing their hands in innocence." Those who are silent in the face of murder, she wrote, become accomplices to the crime. Kossak-Szczucka saw this largely as an issue of religious ethics. "Our feelings toward Jews have not changed," she wrote. "We do not stop thinking of them as political, economic and ideological enemies of Poland." But, she wrote, this does not relieve Polish Catholics of their duty to oppose the crimes being committed in their country.
She co-founded the Provisional Committee to Aid Jews, which later turned into the Council to Aid Jews, codenamed Żegota, an underground organization whose sole purpose was to save Jews in Poland from Nazi extermination. In 1985, she was posthumously named one of the Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem.
Regarding Kossak-Szczucka's "Protest", Robert D. Cherry and Annamaria Orla-Bukowska wrote in the introduction to Rethinking Poles and Jews: "Without at all whitewashing her antisemitism in the document, she vehemently called for active intercession on behalf of the Jews - precisely in the name of Polish Roman Catholicism and Polish patriotism. The deportations from the Warsaw Ghetto precipitated her cofounding of Żegota that same year - an Armia Krajowa unit whose sole purpose was to save Jews."

Arrest

On September 27th 1943 Kossak-Szczucka in Warsaw was arrested by a German street patrol. The Germans, not realising who she was, sent her first to the prison at Pawiak and then to Auschwitz II-Birkenau concentration camp. In April 1944 when her true identity became known, she was sent back to Warsaw for interrogation and sentenced to death. End July 1944 she was released through the efforts of the Polish underground and participated in the Warsaw Uprising.

Post-war

At the end of World War II, a communist regime began to establish itself in Poland. In June 1945, Kossak was called in by Jakub Berman, the new Polish Minister of the Interior, who was Jewish. He strongly advised her to leave the country immediately for her own protection, knowing what his government would do to political enemies, and also knowing from his brother, Adolf Berman, what Kossak had done to save Jewish lives. Kossak escaped to the West, but returned to Poland in 1957.
Kossak-Szczucka published Z otchłani, based on her experiences of Auschwitz. Dziedzictwo is about the Kossak family. Przymierze tells the story of Abraham. Kossak-Szczucka also wrote books for children and teenagers, including Bursztyn and Gród nad jeziorem.
In 1964 she was one of the signatories of the so-called Letter of 34 to Prime Minister Józef Cyrankiewicz regarding freedom of culture.
In 1982 the Yad Vashem Institute in Jerusalem recognised Zofia Kossak as a Righteous Among Nations. In 2009, the National Bank of Poland issued a coin posthumously commemorating the work of Kossak, Irena Sendler and Matylda Getter in helping Jews. In 2018 Zofia Kossak was awarded the highest Polish order, the Order of the White Eagle.
Zofia's daughter, Anna Szatkowska, wrote a book about her experience during the Warsaw Uprising.

Works

She has been an author many works, a number of which have been translated into English.
Selected works: