Zen master
Zen master is a somewhat vague English term that arose in the first half of the 20th century, sometimes used to refer to an individual who teaches Zen Buddhist meditation and practices, usually implying longtime study and subsequent authorization to teach and transmit the tradition themselves.
China
Until the Tang Dynasty, the term "Chánshī" was regularly used for a monk who was a master of chan, or meditation, versus those who specialized in Dharma and Vinaya. This included several important figures who were later not considered to be part of the "Chán school" per se, such as Tiantai Master Zhiyi.In contemporary China, the term "Chán", being simply one of many terms for forms of meditation, is not limited to the Chán school alone. Neither the majority of monastics nor lay people are formally tied to a given "school" of Buddhist practice, which is different from the situation in Japan. It is only those senior and experienced practitioners who receive such transmission into the Chán school. Most temples belong to the Chán school in name, but also embrace other teachings including those of Tiantai, Pure Land, Huayan, and Yogacara schools, often under the umbrella term "Chinese Buddhism". This has been the norm for the past 1000 years, since the Song Dynasty.
While there are no official organizations to regulate the use of honorary titles, "chánshī" is used as a title of respect for an adept, typically a monk, who specializes in Chán. "Chánzōng Dàshī" is a similar and more specific honorary term, though rather rare. The same is true for the simple title "Dàshī" which is rarely used to address a Dharma teacher ; the term is often bestowed posthumously by followers and students, although there are some exceptions.
The more common term when addressing a Buddhist master is "Shīfu", which is also used for any monk or nun as a matter of respect. Strictly speaking, this term, which includes the relational term for "father", refers more to one's own teacher or preceptor. The term "Făshī" is more generic, and is used both by lay Buddhists and also by Buddhists monastics themselves. The general term "Lǎoshī" is also used to address a master as one's teacher, but this term is a general one, so much so that it is used for a teacher of any subject.
Japan
There is no standard official title for "Zen Master" across the various Zen traditions in Japan. Various titles may be used:- "Shike" is used for a select group of people, both in Rinzai and Soto, who are qualified to supervise the training of priests-to-be in the sodos, the training halls.
- "Rōshi" is traditionally an honorific title given to older monks and Zen teachers in Japan, though both "sensei" and "roshi" have come to denote official or semi-official ranks within some Zen schools in Japan, the United States and Europe.
- "Sensei" is often applied in addressing the Zen teacher or "master".
- "Oshō", "virtuous monk/priest" is used for trainees who have acquired a basic level of priesthood.
Sōtō
Rinzai
In Rinzai too, further training is needed to be qualified as a supervisor. The common transmission does not include inka shōmei. Ideally inka shōmei is "the formal recognition of Zen's deepest realisation", but practically it is being used for the transmission of the "true lineage" of the masters of the training halls. Training halls are temples which are authorised for further training after being qualified as a temple priest.According to roshi Sokun Tsushimoto, the title of roshi is equivalent to Zen master and shike:
There are only about fifty to eighty of such inka shōmei-bearers in Japan:
According to roshi Sokun Tsushimoto,
The shike is not married. The shike...
The shike is also the head of the sect. They appoint and dismiss the priests, and appoint the titles in the ranking system. Yet, "the position as abbot is based on election, each elected period lasting four years".
Women
, of Japan, was the first female Zen master in Japan.Korea
is the Korean title for a Buddhist monk or Buddhist nun of any tradition, and does not denote any specific rank or qualification. It is considered respectful to refer to senior monks or nuns in Korea as Kun sunim, and this polite way of expressing the title can also denote some sort of realization on the part of the individual being addressed. In most Korean temples, a middle-aged monk assumes the role of a juji sunim, who serves administrative functions. The eldest sunim is typically seen as a symbolic leader of the younger sunims.In Korean Soen, Inka typically refers to the private acknowledgement of dharma transmission from a teacher to their student. "Transmission" is used to refer to the public ceremonial version of the same acknowledgement. Both are considered equal in authority and "realization". A monk with either In'ga or the public "transmission" is qualified to hold the post of Soen Sa, or "Zen Master" for a temple, and give transmission to their own students. The majority of Zen Masters in Korea have only received, and only give In'ga, with the formal transmission ceremony being far more rare.
In the Kwan Um School of Zen, founded by Korean Zen teacher Seung Sahn in America and Europe, a Zen master can be referred to as a Soen Sa Nim. Seung Sahn himself is usually referred to as "Dae Soen Sa Nim".
Kwan Um School of Zen is unique in the fact that it clearly distinguishes two "levels" of Zen teachers. "Lower" level is referred to as Ji Do Poep Sa Nim, or Dharma master. Ji Do Poep Sa Nim is a person who has received only Inka. He/she is allowed to teach, but only within the school - if a Dharma master decides to leave the school, his/her title and teaching authority is considered void. A Ji Do Poep Sa Nim also cannot give Inka to other individuals.
When a Ji Do Poep Sa Nim has his or her realization "confirmed" by several Zen masters from outside the school, he/she becomes eligible for "full" transmission and the title of Zen master, which is given during another public ceremony. A Soen Sa Nim can give both Inka and transmission to other individuals and keeps his/her title and teaching authority if he/she decides to leave the school.
Western culture
"Zen master" has been used to refer to individuals hailing from any number of countries and traditions. It is not an exact translation of any title from the countries from which Zen traditions emanate, where titles vary widely, even in different traditions from the same country. Its usage has diminished among contemporary American Zen teachers and practitioners.The term has entered popular culture and has been used to refer to any number of public figures in sports and entertainment, denoting a person who demonstrates detachment and control in stressful situations. It was sometimes adopted by figures in the spiritual counterculture of the 1970s and 1980s who had little or no actual Zen training presumably to generate positive associations or legitimacy.