Yunmen Wenyan
Yúnmén Wényǎn, was a major Chinese Chan master in Tang-era China. He was a dharma-heir of Xuefeng Yicun.
Yunmen founded the Yunmen school, one of the five major schools of Chán. The name is derived from Yunmen monastery of Shaozhou where Yunmen was abbot. The Yunmen school flourished into the early Song Dynasty, with particular influence on the upper classes, and eventually culminating in the compilation and writing of the Blue Cliff Record.
The school would eventually be absorbed by the Linji school later in the Song. The lineage still lives on to this day through Chan Master Hsu Yun.
Biography
Early years
Yunmen was born in the town of Jiaxing near Suzhou and southwest of Shanghai to the Zhang family, apparently in 864 CE. His birth year is uncertain. The two memorial stele at the Yunmen monastery states he was 86 years old when he died in 949 CE, which suggests that he was born in 864 CE.Initial Zen-studies
While a boy, Yunmen became a monk under a "Commandment master" named Zhi Cheng in Jiaxing. He studied there for several years, taking his monastic vows at age 20, in 883 CE.The teachings there did not satisfy him, and he went to the school of Reverend Chen, Muzhou Daozong to gain enlightenment. According to legend, first mentioned in 1100, he had his leg broken for his trouble:
Daozong told Yunmen to visit the pre-eminent Zen master of the day, Xuefeng Yicun of Mt. Hsiang-ku, in Fuzhou in modern-day Fujian, and become his disciple, as by now, Daozong was too old to further teach Yunmen. After a few years studying with him, Yunmen did so, and received after several years, enlightenment.
Advanced Zen-studies
While Yunmen had received his teacher's seal of approval, he nevertheless did not become abbot, probably because he had only stayed there for 4 or 5 years. When Xuefeng Yicun died, Yunmen began travelling and visited quite a number of monasteries, cementing his reputation as a Ch'an master.During a subsequent visit to the tomb of the Sixth Patriarch in Guangdong, Yunmen eventually joined the monastery of Rumin Chanshi/Ling-shu Ju-min, who died in 918 CE. They became great friends. With his death, Yunmen became head priest of the Lingshu monastery on Mt. Lingshu.
In this Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the T'ang dynasty was greatly weakened, and entire sections of the empire had broken away. The South was peaceful and developed, but the "North was torn by the ravages of war". The area of Southern China where Yunmen lived broke free during the rebellion of, a viceroy of the Liu family. Eventually, the Liu family became the rulers of the Southern Han kingdom during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The ruler, Liu Yan, visited the monastery for Rumin's cremation, and met Yunmen.
Abbot of Yunmen monastery
Impressed, Liu Yan extended him his patronage and protection, as well as confirming his appointment as the new abbot of the Lingshu monastery. But Yunmen's fame drew a great flow of visitors from all over China and even from Korea. All these visitors proved too distracting for Yunmen's taste, and in 923, he asked the king to aid him in building a new monastery on Mount Yunmen. The king acquiesced, and five years later, at the age of 64, Yunmen began living in and teaching in the monastery on the mountain from which he took the name by which he is best known.While the king and some of Yunmen's disciples continued to try to give Yunmen more responsibilities and honors, Yunmen refused, and returned to his monastery.
Farewell
One day, when Yunmen was 85 or 86, he composed a farewell letter to his patron, the new king of the Southern Han, and gave a final lecture to his monks, finishing with the statement:Yunmen then sat in a full lotus posture and died. He would be buried with great honors, and his well-preserved corpse was exhumed several years later, and given a procession. In honor of this, his monastery was given a new name, and two stele erected, which recorded his biography. His corpse would be venerated until the 20th century, when it would disappear during the chaos of the Cultural Revolution.
Yunmen was succeeded as abbot by Dongshan Shouchu. Suhotsu became abbot in 990 CE; although at the time, his foremost disciple was accounted Pai-yün Shih-hsing, who had founded his own temple on the nearby Mt. Pai-yün.
Teachings
Yunmen was renowned for his forceful and direct yet subtle teaching, often expressed through sudden shouts and blows with a staff, and for his wisdom and skill at oratory:Yet, his teachings are also described as "difficult to understand":
One Word Barriers
Yunmen is known for apparently meaningless short sharp single word answers, like "Guan!" – these were called "Yunmen's One Word Barriers". These one-word barriersKoans
An apocryphal anecdote that began circulating around the beginning of the 12th century has Yunmen going so far as to forbid any of his sayings or teachings from being recorded by his many pupils:Despite this, Yunmen is one of the greatest sources of "live words", "old cases", and paradoxical statements that would later evolve into the koan tradition, along with Zhaozhou.
Most were collected in the Yúnmén kuāngzhēn chánshī guǎnglù.
Eighteen koans in the Blue Cliff Record involve Yunmen. Eight of Yunmen's sayings are included in Book of Equanimity, and five in The Gateless Gate.
Eighteen other koans were later discovered when a subsequent master of the Yunmen school, Xuetou Chongxian, published his Boze songgu, which contained one hundred "old cases" popular in his teaching line, in which the eighteen Yunmen koans were included.
Further examples can be found in the Ninden gammoku, and the Ummonroku.
While his short ones were popular, some of his longer ones were iconic and among the most famous koans:
Lineage
His disciples reputedly numbered 790, an unusual number of whom became enlightened. The Yunmen School flourished as one of the Five Schools for about 300 years, after which it was absorbed into the Linji school towards the end of the Southern Song dynasty.The lineage still lives on to this day through Chan Master Hsu Yun. He rebuilt the Yun Men temple and the 6th patriarchs temple Nan-hua Si. The Yunmen school continues through Master Hsu Yun, Fo Yuan, and Master Ming Zhao Shakya, who have disciples in America and abroad.