Yisrael Meir Kagan
Yisrael Meir Kagan , known popularly as the Chofetz Chaim, after the title of one of the books he wrote, was an influential rabbi of the Musar movement, a Halakhist, posek, and ethicist whose works continue to be widely influential in Jewish life.
Biography
The Chofetz Chaim was born in Dzyatlava, Grodno Governorate, Russian Empire, on January 26, 1838, and died in Radun, Wilno Province in Poland on September 15, 1933. His surname, Poupko, is not widely known. His home town, Dzyatlava, was once named Zdzięcioł when it was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until the time of the partitions of Poland. When Kagan was ten years old, his father died. His mother moved the family to Vilnius in order to continue her son's Jewish education. While in Vilnius, Kagan became a student of Rabbi Jacob Barit. Kagan's mother later remarried and moved to Radin. At 17, he married the daughter of his stepfather, and settled in Radin.He served as the town rabbi of Radin for a short period. He then resigned from this position to establish the yeshiva in the city, which eventually became world-famous. By all accounts he was a modest and humble man, faithfully devoted to his Jewish faith. For a while he had a shop selling household provisions, which he and his wife managed. However, the business was not successful and he turned to teaching in order to support himself and his family. From 1864 to 1869 he taught Talmud in Minsk and Washilishok.
In 1869, he formed a yeshiva in Radin. The yeshiva was a success and grew to prominence, later becoming known as "Yeshivas Chofetz Chaim of Radin". In addition to spreading Torah through his yeshiva, Rav Kagan, who became known as the Chofetz Chaim, was very active in Jewish causes. He traveled extensively to encourage the observance of Mitzvot and Shabbos observance amongst Jews. He became one of the most influential rabbis within Orthodox Judaism during the late 19th and early 20th century, taking a central leadership role in the World Agudath Israel movement in Eastern Europe.
Although the anti-religious attitudes which pervaded Zionism greatly distressed him, Kagan initially refused to become personally involved in the matter and refrained from publicly denouncing the movement. When his views became known, he cautioned his students about joining the Zionists and declared its political aims as being contrary to the Torah. He nevertheless cherished the Holy Land and in 1925 it was announced that he would be leaving Warsaw with his daughter and son-in-law to permanently settle in Petach Tikvah, Palestine. Upon discovering his plans, prominent rabbis and yeshiva deans persuaded him to remain in Radin and he died there on September 15, 1933, aged 95.
Many other Jewish religious institutions throughout the world also bear his name. One American yeshiva named in his honor is the Yeshivas Rabbeinu Yisrael Meir HaKohen centered in Queens, New York founded by his great nephew, Rabbi Dovid Leibowitz, with several branches in the United States, Canada, and Israel. The Chofetz Chaim's teachings have inspired some English-speaking American Jews to establish the Chofetz Chaim Heritage Foundation, dedicated to the dissemination of his teachings to Jewish communities around the world. An Orthodox kibbutz in Israel, Hafetz Haim, was named in his honor.
During his lifetime, he was venerated by Jews and non-Jews alike. Orthodox Jews across the world viewed him as one of the 36 righteous people, and Polish farmers were said to have lured him into their fields believing his feet would bring blessing to their crops.
His son-in-law was Rabbi Mendel Zaks.
Works
- Chofetz Chaim, his first book,, deals with the Biblical laws of gossip and slander.
- Sh'mirat HaLashon, is a comprehensive discussion of the philosophy behind the Jewish concepts of power of speech and guarding one's speech. It also serves as an inspirational work designed to motivate the reader to be vigilant in the ethical usage of his speech and avoidance of others' unethical speech. Published in 1876.
- Mishnah Berurah is an important and widely used commentary, consisting of six volumes, on the Orach Chayim section of Yosef Karo's digested compilation of practical Jewish Law, the Shulchan Aruch. It combines his own elucidations and differing opinions with those of other Aharonim was published in 1884; in 1886; in 1891; in 1898; in 1902; in 1907.]
- Biur Halacha is a commentary tangential to the Mishna Berurah. It usually provides complex analysis of the legal rulings of earlier Jewish halachic authorities.
- Sha'ar HaTziyyun serves primarily to document sources for laws and customs quoted in the Mishnah Berurah, but sometimes serves also to clarify ambiguous legal statements. The name Sha'ar HaTziyyun derives from the phrase sh'arim m'tzuyanim ba'halacha, translated as "gateways distinguished in Jewish Law," referring to the Torah study and scholarship that would distinguish Jewish homes. Rabbi Kagan chose the title as a pun, hinting at the distinction of the scholarship referenced in his work, but primarily referring to the function of Sha'ar HaTziyyun to document sources.
- - one volume, published in 1888. On the commandment of lending money to the needy, the value of being kind to one another and various ways to do so.
- Machaneh Yisrael - one volume, on the minimum requirements of Torah observance for soldiers in the army.
- Tiferes Adam - one volume, on the importance of a Jew having a beard and peyos.
- Geder Olam - one volume, published in 1890. On the importance of a married Jewish woman covering her hair.
- Nidchei Yisrael - two volumes, published in 1893.
- Shem Olam - one volume, published in 1893.
- Chomas Hadas - one volume, published in 1905. On the importance of a man to study Torah, and encourage others to learn, as well as the need to create groups in every city wherein a man could acquire Torah.
- ' - five volumes. The first volume was published in 1900; 2nd volume in 1903; 3rd volume in 1913; 4th volume in 1922. There is a fifth volume called "Hashlamah" or "Completion" which was published in 1925.
- Gibores Ari - two volumes, published in 1907.
- Taharas Yisrael - one volume, published in 1910. On the importance of women to purify themselves in the waters of a mikvah in accordance with accepted halachic practice.
- Toras Kohanim - one volume, published in 1911.
- Asifas Zikainim - three volumes, published in 1913.
- ' - one volume, published in 1915.
- Toras Habayis - one volume, published in 1923.
- ' - one volume, published in 1925.
- ' - one volume, published in 1925.
- Sefer Hamitzvos Hakotzer - two volumes on those Biblical commandments that are applicable during the Exile, outside the land of Israel, and when the Temple is not in existence. Published in 1931.
- Tzipita L'Yeshuah is based on a passage from tractate Shabbat, which states that after one passes away, he is asked by the heavenly court: "Have you yearned for the redemption?" This work describes the importance of actively awaiting Moshiach every day and doing everything in our power to bring the redemption. The Chofetz Chaim's expectation of the immediate redemption was so strong that he would always carry special garments to change into once the redemption begins.