The Yavanajātaka of Sphujidhvaja is an ancient text in Indian astrology. According to David Pingree, it is a later versification of an earlier translation into Sanskrit of a Greek text, thought to have been written around 120 CE in Alexandria, on horoscopy. Based on Pingree's interpretation and emendations, the original translation, made in 149–150 CE by "Yavanesvara" under the rule of the Western Kshatrapa king Rudrakarman I, is lost; only a substantial portion of the versification 120 years later by Sphujidhvaja under Rudrasena II has survived. However, according to the recent research by Mak based on a newly discovered manuscript and other documents, Pingree's date interpretation as well as a number of crucial readings such as zero and other bhūtasaṃkhyā were based on his own emendation, not supported by what was written on the manuscripts. Furthermore, traditionally Yavanesvara and Sphujidhvaja were understood as referring to the same person, the former being an epithet to the latter, according to authors such as Bhaskara and Utpala. The date of the Yavanajātaka according to Mak is now revised to between 4th and 6th century CE. Yavanajataka is one the earliest known Sanskrit works referencing western horoscopy. It was followed by other works of Western origin which greatly influenced Indian astrology: the Paulisa Siddhanta, and the Romaka Siddhanta. However, the earliest known Sanskrit work on horoscopy is Vedanga Jyotisha It was translated by David Pingree into English, which was published as volume 48 of the Harvard Oriental Series in 1978.
Genesis
The last verses of the text describe the role of Yavanasvera in the creation of the text, and the role of Sphujidhvaja in its subsequent versification: The datesemployed in the Yavanajataka are based on the Saka era, meaning that the translation of the text into Sanskrit was made by Yavanasvera in 149 CE. Accordingly, the versification by Sphujidhvaja was made in 269 CE. The Yavanajataka contains instructions on calculating astrological charts from the time and place of one's birth. Astrology flourished in the Hellenistic world and the Yavanajataka reflects astrological techniques developed in the Greek-speaking world. Astronomical mathematical methods, such as the calculate of the 'horoskopos' was used in the service of astrology.
