Wrybill


The wrybill or ngutuparore is a species of plover endemic to New Zealand. It is special since it is the only species of bird in the world with a beak that is bent sideways one way, always to the right. A 2015 study found it to actually be within the Charadrius clade, with its closest relatives other plovers found in New Zealand, the nearest the New Zealand dotterel or New Zealand plover, and then the double-banded plover or banded dotterel.
It lays its eggs among the rocks along rivers and distracts intruders by pretending to be in distress and moving away from its "nest".
It is rated as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature 's Red List of Threatened Species,

Taxonomy

French naturalists Jean René Constant Quoy and Joseph Paul Gaimard described the wrybill in 1830.

Description

The wrybill is a small, plump plover, measuring in length and weighing between. The plumage is slightly sexually dimorphic. The male has a white forehead and pale grey crown, nape, back, wings and tail and a white throat, breast, belly and rump, with a thin black band across the breast. This band is thinner in the female, and much less distinct in both sexes in the non-breeding season. The other difference between the sexes is a small black bar between the white forehead and the grey crown, which is present in the males but not the females. As with the breast band it is reduced in the non-breeding season. The most distinctive feature of the bird is the long black bill, which is always curved to the right. The wrybill is the only species of bird with an asymmetrically-turned bill.
The eggs are very pale grey and covered with very small brown spots which blend in very well to the surrounding shingle
As well as the eggs being very well camouflaged, the adult birds and chicks are very difficult to see when they are standing still.
Chicks are very pale grey on upper half of body with black speckles and white on lower half of body grey.
The wrybill's voice has been described as a short weet when in flight and used to signal alarm, and a harsher call is used to signal greater alarm. A chirring sound is used to challenge an aggressor. Fledglings and juveniles have a high-pitched short peep.

Distribution and habitat

The wrybill is endemic to New Zealand. It breeds on large braided rivers in Canterbury and Otago, South Island, preferring large dynamic rivers that will not become overgrown with weeds. The main breeding rivers include the Waimakariri, Rakaia, Rangitata, Waitaki and Ashley. It used to occur more frequently on smaller rivers, but has undergone a range contraction, and now only occupies around 60% of its estimated original range.
After breeding, around late December till early February, they leave their breeding sites and migrate to shallow estuaries and sheltered coastal areas in the North Island. These areas include Firth of Thames, Manukau Harbour, Kaipara Harbour and Tauranga Harbour.

Behaviour

Wrybills like to roost in large flocks during winter which differs greatly from breeding time when they become very territorial towards other birds. They usually roost on one leg and hop away when approached too close.
Wrybills are known to perform large aerial displays with their flocks, this usually happens shortly before the migration south.

Breeding

Wrybills have monogamous bonds with their mates and will return to the same territory each year to breed again, if their mate does not return, the bird will move territories. Nesting territories are strongly defended, these can be anywhere between 1 and 11 hectares in size, with an average size of 5 hectares. They show strong philopatry to their territories, and young birds show strong philopatric tendencies towards breeding close to where they were hatched. Many breeding pairs will lay two clutches in a breeding season, especially if the first clutch was destroyed by flooding or predators.
Nesting sites are shallow scrapes in areas of large stones or sand. The clutch size is two eggs, which are incubated by both parents for 30 to 36 days. The chicks have downy feathers on hatching, grey-to off white above and white underneath. Both parents attend to the chicks, which fledge after around 35 days and are immediately independent after this. Young birds start breeding when they are two years old.

Ecology

Moulting of wrybills happens between December and May, the moulting process advances quickly at the start of the process when the first feathers are dropped. And then slows as the longer outer feathers start to grow.
Migration starts in November with the earliest fledged birds, adults follow in January/February when breeding is finished with the rest of the fledglings.
Migration back to breeding sites in the South Island happens in August
Current population around 5000 individuals and slowing declining

Diet and foraging

Wrybills are usually found foraging around shallow channels and around the edges of pools on insect larvae, aquatic invertebrate and sometimes small fish. They have evolved in a very distinct way to thrive on braided river beds- with their beak tilted on a slight tilt towards the right right angle about 12-26 degrees which is speculated to help them get insect larvae and small invertebrates that take refuge under the crevices of rocks however this has never been officially proven.

Predators and threats

Threats are higher during the breeding season when the birds are at their most vulnerable, threats include predation, flooding during nesting time, habitat degradation and disturbance from vehicles along the river beds. Introduced mammalian predators such as ferrets, stoats, weasels and hedgehogs pose a significant threat to the survival of the remaining population. Wrybills have adapted to bird predators such as raptors, gulls and owls, since mammalian predators have only been a threat since the arrival of people. Their chicks and eggs blend in very well with the surrounding shingle, camouflaging them from the predators flying overhead. With rabbits being the main diet of these mammalian predators, when rabbit numbers are low these predators search further for their food and prey upon the ground nesting birds on the braided rivers. Flooding can destroy nests whole nesting areas if large enough and can effect the number of chicks to reach fledging. As wrybills prefer an open clear area of shingle on the river bed to nest, introduced plant species such as gorse, willow, broom and lupin, all threaten the wrybills habitat as they spread over the landscape easily and quickly.

Conservation status

The wrybill is rated as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature 's Red List of Threatened Species,
The population declined during the 1800s as they were collected as museum specimens because of their strange bent bill. In 1940 they were protected and the population has increased from around 2000 birds to 5000 birds today.