The World-Wide Standardized Seismograph Network – originally the World-Wide Network of Seismograph Stations – was a global network of about 120 seismograph stations built in the 1960s that generated an unprecedented collection of high quality seismic data. This data enabled seismology to become a quantitative science, elucidated the focal mechanisms of earthquakes and the structure of the earth's crust, and contributed to the development of plate tectonic theory. The WWSSN is credited with spurring a renaissance in seismological research. The WWSSN also "created a global network infrastructure, including the data-exchange procedures and station technical capabilities needed to support the establishment of the more advanced networks in operation today", and has been the model for every global seismic network since then. A principal feature of the WWSSN was that each station had identical equipment, uniformly calibrated. These consisted of three short-period seismographs, three long-period seismographs, and an accurate radio-synchronized crystal-controlled clock. The seismograms were produced on photographic drum recorders, developed on-site, then sent to a Data Center for copying onto 70-mm and 35-mm film. The WWSSN also featured a data distribution system that made this data available to anyone at nominal cost from a single location, providing the basis for much research. The WWSSN arose from a political concern. In the 1950s concerns about radioactive fallout from above-ground testing of nuclear weapons prompted the leadership of the three leading nuclear nations to ban further testing of nuclear weapons. However, there was a hitch. The United States would not agree to banning kinds of nuclear tests where there was no capability to detect and identify any violations, and for smaller, underground tests seismology was not sufficiently developed to have that capability. The Eisenhower Administration therefore convened the Berkner panel to recommend ways to improve the nation's seismic detection abilities. The Berkner report, issued in 1959, was the basis of a comprehensive research and development program known as Project Vela Uniform, funded through the U.S. Department of Defense Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. DARPA then funded the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey to implement one of the Berkner Report recommendations, designing and building what became the WWSSN. Performance specifications and a request for proposals were published in November 1960, a contract awarded in early 1961, and the first station was installed in the C&GS AlbuquerqueSeismological Laboratory in October 1961. An additional 89 stations were installed by the end of 1963, and the network was essentially complete by the end of 1967 with 117 stations, with 121 stations eventually installed. These were mostly outside of the U.S., but not in Canada, the Soviet-bloc countries, China or France, or French-speaking countries. DARPA funding ended in fiscal year 1967, and plans for transferring funding responsibilities to the Commerce Department were blocked by an impasse in Congress. Though other agencies contributed partial funding, permanent funding was not obtained, and routine maintenance and training were suspended. In 1973 ASL and WWSSN were transferred to the U.S. Geological Survey, and operation of the network continued at a reduced level of support until it was terminated in 1996. In the late 1970s digital recorders were added to 13 WWSSN stations; these "DWWSSN" stations operated as part of the Global Digital Seismographic Network. Successor to the WWSSN is the Global Seismographic Network, operated by the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology. A similar system, the Unified System of Seismic Stations, was built in the USSR with 168 stations using Kirnos seismographs.
