Winchelsea (UK Parliament constituency)
Winchelsea was a parliamentary constituency in Sussex, which elected two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons from 1366 until 1832, when it was abolished by the Great Reform Act.
History
Boundaries
Winchelsea was a Cinque Port, which made it technically of different status from a parliamentary borough, but the difference was purely a nominal one, and it was considered an egregious example of a rotten borough. The constituency consisted of the town and parish of Winchelsea, once a market town and port but by the 19th century much reduced in importance, a mile-and-a-half inland with its harbour destroyed. In 1831, the population of the constituency was estimated at 772, and the town contained 148 houses.History of corruption
The right to vote was exercised by the freemen of the town, of whom by 1831 there were just 11, even though in theory the custom was that every son of a freeman and every freeholder in the town was entitled to his freedom. With so small a number of voters, bribery was often the rule rather than the exception, though occasionally it became so blatant that the authorities were able to take steps against it. In 1700 an election at Winchelsea was declared void, an agent of one of the candidates arrested for bribery by order of the House of Commons, and the representation of the borough suspended until the end of the session. At another controversial election in 1712, the Commons committee which investigated was told that voters had been bribed with £30 each to vote for the sitting MPs, and their female connections received additional payments of half a guinea each.Nor was the expense confined to bribing the voters. Oldfield records that in 1811, with only 11 voters to poll, the Mayor demanded – and received – a fee of £200 for his services as returning officer. However, he presumably carried out his duties more satisfactorily than his predecessor in 1624, who was "brought to the bar , and on his knees severely reprimanded, and sentenced to be committed to prison" for threatening some of the voters and corruptly excluding some others from casting their votes.
Almost as troublesome was the election of 1667, when it was alleged that the Mayor had not taken the sacrament – being a communicating member of the Church of England being at that period a requirement for holding civic office – and that therefore the election he had conducted was void. The committee agreed, and proposed a motion that the MP who had been returned was not duly elected, but the whole House voted it down, and the election was allowed to stand. In 1702, again, the Mayor was taken into custody for corrupt practices, and expelled from all his offices in the Customs by resolution of the Commons, against the opposition of government ministers, in whose interests the corruption had been executed.
Patronage
Winchelsea affords an unusual instance of a sitting MP wresting control of a pocket borough from its "patrons", so as to be able to be sure of securing re-election on his own account. In the first half of the 18th century, Winchelsea was a "treasury borough", that is one where the influence of the government was so strong that ministers were able to consider themselves the patrons and be sure of the power to choose both MPs. In 1754, however, one of the government candidates was an Irishman named Arnold Nesbitt. Once elected, Nesbitt began to buy houses in Winchelsea so as to secure influence over the freemen, and was so far successful that by the time of the next election it was accepted that he had the absolute command of one of the seats; indeed, when he stood well with the Treasury he was also allowed to nominate for both. For the rest of his life he successfully defended his control of Winchelsea from the free-spending of the Treasury's agents; on one occasion, it appears that the town clerk was directing the government campaign and finding himself needing more funds for the purpose than had been provided pawned the town's charters and civic regalia.However, in 1779 Nesbitt died £100,000 in debt, and the Court of Chancery made a decree to auction his property for the relief of his creditors, but his nephew anticipating this managed to sell the Nesbitt interest in the borough back to the government's supporters for the very considerable sum of £15,000, shortly before the court's decree came into force. Ministers were free once more to consider both seats at the ministry's disposal. However, Oldfield notes that Nesbitt's power in the borough was one of influence rather than of any direct property in the votes – and that whatever the bargain between Nesbitt's nephew and Darlington, the voters themselves were not a party to it and had still to be persuaded to co-operate. Therefore what was sold, in effect, was the unhindered right to bribe the voters without interference, the customary price by this time being apparently £100 per vote.
Abolition
Winchelsea was abolished as a separate constituency by the Reform Act, but the nearby Cinque Port of Rye retained one of its two MPs, and Rye's parliamentary boundaries were extended to include Winchelsea from 1832.Members of Parliament
1366–1640
| Parliament | First Member | Second Member |
| 1373 | Robert Harry I | |
| 1377 | Robert Arnold | |
| 1378 | Roger Dover | William Skele I |
| 1381 | William Skele I | |
| 1382 | Robert Harry I | - |
| 1382 | Henry Sely | |
| 1383 | John Pulham | William Skele I |
| 1383 | John Pulham | |
| 1384 | William Skele I | |
| 1385 | John Pulham | |
| 1386 | William Skele I | John Pulham |
| 1388 | William Skele I | John Pulham or Robert Harry I |
| 1388 | Henry Sely | Matthew Goldyve |
| 1390 | William Skele I | Roger Dover |
| 1390 | - | |
| 1391 | William Skele I | Vincent Ewell |
| 1393 | Robert Arnold | Thomas Bette |
| 1394 | - | |
| 1395 | Vincent Fynch I | William Skele II |
| 1397 | Vincent Fynch I | John Helde |
| 1397 | - | |
| 1399 | Roger atte Gate | William Skele II |
| 1401 | - | |
| 1402 | Vincent Fynch I | John Salerne II |
| 1403 | Walter Young | |
| 1404 | - | |
| 1404 | - | |
| 1406 | Vincent Fynch II | John Worton |
| 1407 | John Salerne II | Robert Fishlake |
| 1410 | Roger atte Gate | John Tunstall |
| 1411 | - | |
| 1413 | - | |
| 1413 | Roger atte Gate | Thomas Young |
| 1414 | - | |
| 1414 | Roger atte Gate | William Catton |
| 1415 | - | |
| 1416 | - | |
| 1416 | - | |
| 1417 | John French | William Catton |
| 1419 | John French | John Tamworth |
| 1420 | Edward Hopyere | Roger atte Gate |
| 1421 | Thomas Thunder | William Catton |
| 1421 | Alexander Beuley | Roger atte Gate |
| 1425 | Thomas Young | |
| 1449–1450 | John Greenford | |
| 1495 | Richard Barkeley | |
| 1497 | Richard Barkeley | |
| 1510 | Thomas Ashburnham | Robert Sparrow |
| 1512 | ?John Ashburnham I | ?Robert Sparrow |
| 1515 | ?John Ashburnham I | ?Robert Sparrow |
| 1523 | Thomas Ashburnham | Robert Sparrow |
| 1529 | Thomas Ensing | George Lowys |
| 1536 | ?Thomas Ensing | ?George Lowys |
| 1539 | not known | not known |
| 1542 | John Bell | Philip Chute |
| 1545 | Philip Chute | Thomas Hynxstend |
| 1547 | John Rowland | John More |
| 1553 | William Egleston | Michael Blount |
| 1553 | Sir Henry Crispe | William Roper |
| 1554 | Cyriak Petyt | Joseph Beverleey |
| 1554 | William Egleston | John Cheyne II |
| 1555 | Thomas Smith | John Peyton |
| 1558 | Sir George Howard | John Fowler |
| 1559 | Goddard White | Henry Fane |
| 1562/3 | Richard Chambers | Henry Fane |
| 1566 | Henry Cobham replaced ?Chambers, ?deceased | Henry Cobham replaced ?Chambers, ?deceased |
| 1571 | Thomas Wilford | Robert Eyre |
| 1572 | Thomas Wilford | Richard Barry |
| 1584 | Giles Fletcher | Herbert Pelham |
| 1586 | Adam Moyle | Thomas Egleston |
| 1588/9 | Adam Moyle | Herbert Morley |
| 1593 | Adam Ashburnham | Ashburnham Pecke |
| 1597 | Ralph Ewens | Thomas Colepeper |
| 1601 | Moyle Finch | Hugh Beeston |
| 1604 | Adam White | Thomas Unton |
| 1614 | William Binge | Thomas Godfrey |
| 1621 | Thomas Finch | Edward Nicholas |
| 1624 | John Finch | Edward Nicholas |
| 1625 | Roger Twysden | Sir Ralph Freeman |
| 1626 | Roger Twysden | Sir Nicholas Saunders |
| 1628 | Sir William Twysden | Sir Ralph Freeman |
| 1629–1640 | No parliaments summoned | No parliaments summoned |