William Chester Minor, also known as W. C. Minor, was an American army surgeon and one of the largest contributors of quotations to the Oxford English Dictionary. He was also held in a psychiatric hospital in England from 1872 to 1910 after he murdered George Merrett.
He was accepted by the Union army as a surgeon and may have served at the Battle of the Wilderness in May 1864, which was notable for the terrible casualties suffered by both sides. There is an unverified story of Minor also being given the task of punishing an Irish soldier in the Union Army by branding him on the face with a D for "deserter" and that this incident later played a role in Minor's delusions. There is disagreement whether the Union army used branding as a punishment for desertion. This means that the story that Minor branded a deserter may be apocryphal. Moreover, it is unlikely Minor was present at the Battle of the Wilderness, May 5–7, 1864. Minor's military records place him at Knight USA Hospital in New Haven and do not show him arriving at 2 Division Hospital USA at Alexandria, VA, until May 17, 1864. After the end of the U.S. Civil War, Minor saw duty in New York City. He was strongly attracted to the red-light district of the city and devoted much of his off-duty time to going with prostitutes. By 1867, his behavior had come to the attention of the army and he was transferred to a remote post in the Florida Panhandle. By 1868, his condition had progressed to the point that he was admitted to St. Elizabeths Hospital, a lunatic asylum in Washington, D.C. After 18 months he showed no improvement.
Move to England and conviction for murder
In 1871 he went to London for a change of place to help his mental condition, settling in the slum of Lambeth, where once again he took up a dissolute life. Haunted by his paranoia, he fatally shot a man named George Merrett, whom Minor believed had broken into his room, on February 17, 1872. Merrett had been on his way to work to support his family of six children, himself, and his pregnant wife, Eliza. After a pre-trial period spent in London's Horsemonger Lane Gaol, Minor was found not guilty by reason of insanity and incarcerated at the asylum in Broadmoor in the village of Crowthorne, Berkshire. As he had his US army pension and was not judged dangerous, he was given rather comfortable quarters and was able to buy and read books.
Contributor to the ''Oxford English Dictionary''
It was probably through his correspondence with the London booksellers that he heard of the call for volunteers for what was to become the Oxford English Dictionary. He devoted most of the remainder of his life to that work. He became one of the project's most effective volunteers, reading through his large personal library of antiquarian books and compiling quotations that illustrated the way particular words were used. He was often visited by the widow of the man he had killed, and she provided him with further books. The compilers of the dictionary published lists of words for which they wanted examples of usage. Minor provided these, with increasing ease as the lists grew. It was many years before the OEDs editor, James Murray, learned of Minor's history and visited him in January 1891. In 1899, Murray paid compliment to Minor's enormous contributions to the dictionary, stating, "we could easily illustrate the last four centuries from his quotations alone".
Mutilation, decline, and death
Minor's condition deteriorated and in 1902, due to delusions that he was being abducted nightly from his rooms and conveyed to places as far away as Istanbul and forced to commit sexual assaults on children, he cut off his own penis using a knife he had employed in his work on the dictionary. His health continued to worsen and, after Murray campaigned on his behalf, Minor was released in 1910 on the orders of the home secretary, Winston Churchill. He was deported back to the United States and resided at St. Elizabeths Hospital where he was diagnosed with schizophrenia. He died in 1920 in Hartford, Connecticut, after being moved in 1919 to the Retreat for the Elderly Insane there.
In popular culture
The book The Surgeon of Crowthorne, by Simon Winchester, was published in 1998 and chronicles both Minor's later life and his contributions to the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary. The movie rights for the book were bought by Mel Gibson's Icon Productions in 1998. In August 2016 it was announced that Farhad Safinia was to direct an adaptation, called The Professor and the Madman, starring Gibson as Murray and Sean Penn as Minor. The film was released in May 2019. Minor's life was also detailed in an episode of Drunk History. He was portrayed by Bob Odenkirk.
