Wang Fu , courtesy nameJiexin, was a Chinese historian, poet, and philosopher during the Eastern Han Dynasty. Born in Gansu Province, Wang Fu was a studious and knowledgeable man of humble birth. Once he was discriminated by fellow villagers in youth and was later not recommended to the Court as a government official. There is little information left about him, but his only masterpiece, Qianfu Lun, is a most valuable source. Nowadays, scholars have begun to attach importance to him, but the study is confined by the lack of historical records.
Life and times
Wang Fu was born in present-day Gansu Province. There are many statements about his birth and death dates, but a popularly accepted verification is from 82 to 167. Wang Fu was an acquaintance of Ma Rong, Dou Zhang, Zhang Heng, and Cui Yuan, all of them well known, two of them rich and powerful, the other two government officials, but none of them tried to recommend him for an official position. One of the complicated causes of Wang Fu’s failure to be a government official might be his illegitimate birth, and the lack of recommenders was also a reason, but the essential reason was the irreversible decline of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Wang Fu then led the life of a recluse and called himself Qianfu, which is a term for Chinese recluse. In the reign of the Emperor Huan of Han, Wang Fu began to compose Qianfu Lun.
''Qianfu Lun'' and philosophy
Qianfu Lun was Wang Fu’s life-work, composed of 36 chapters in 10 volumes. All his philosophical, political, economic and military ideas were expounded in this book. Although Qianfu Lun was damaged and misunderstood during the process of transmission, famous scholars already rectified the faults and translated it into modern Chinese. Nowadays, it is still the main resource for the study of Wang Fu.
Wang Fu was a mixture of Confucianist, Taoist and Legalist. He believed that the Primary Qi was the origin of the universe and the universe, the Primary Qi, evolved itself, which was the major part of his Heavenly Law. Wang Fu once said that what Heaven and Earth both value was human beings and that Human Law was acting/doing. According to his Cosmic View, Wang Fu developed his Human Law, and based on his Human Law, the Reigning Law came into its own. His Reigning Law included political ideas, economic ideas, military ideas, legal ideas and ethical ideas. His political ideas appealed to a people-oriented government. Since agriculture had been neglected after Zhangdi, Wang Fu explained his economic ideas as policy of physiocracy and restriction of trade and taking farmers’ time seriously. The Eastern Han Dynasty fought a lot against the Qiang people, but lost many battles; consequently, the rulers abandoned the frontier zones and forced farmers there to move inside. In his system of military ideas, Wang Fu criticised the policy-makers and put forward the ideas that land was the paramount necessity of farmers and that the inland settlers should move to the frontier under the protection of armies. Wang Fu’s legal ideas were very advanced and comprehensive, involving all classes. He was a gracious and noble-minded intellectual and his ethical ideas also covered many aspects, even antenatal training. The term 'paramount' is thought to have originated with Wang Fu, as there is no earlier textual reference to this ideology. The teaching of 'paramount necessity' and bringing this with the farm occupies a central part in his political motive.
Influence
Wang Fu was an ideological pioneer of the social critical thoughts of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the pioneer of the ontology about Qi of Neo-Confucianism. Nowadays, there still exists a Qianfu Shan, located north of the county seat of Zhenyuan County in memory of Wang Fu, on which Qianfu Mu and Qianfu Ting are frequented by scholars, visitors and locals. Articles and books about Wang Fu have been increasing since the 1980s. The local government is determined to introduce Wang Fu to the world. Important studies have been made by the local scholars with the support of the government.
