Virama


Virama is a generic term for the diacritic in many Brahmic scripts, including the Devanagari and Eastern Nagari scripts, used to suppress the inherent vowel that otherwise occurs with every consonant letter.

Names

The name is Sanskrit for "cessation, termination, end". As a Sanskrit word, it is used in place of several language-specific terms, such as halant ; halanta , hoshonto ; ; ; pollu ; pulli, chandrakkala or viraamam ; halanta ; halanta ; halant ; hal kirima ; a that ; karan, lit. "point" or "dot" or thanthakhat ); and pangkon.

Usage

In Devanagari and many other Indic scripts, a virama is used to cancel the inherent vowel of a consonant letter and represent a consonant without a vowel, a "dead" consonant. For example, in Devanagari,
  1. क is a consonant letter, ka,
  2. ् is a virama; therefore,
  3. क् represents a dead consonant k.
If this k क् is further followed by another consonant letter, for example, ṣa ष, the result might look like क्‌ष, which represents kṣa as ka + virama + ṣa. In this case, two elements k क् and ṣa ष are simply placed one by one, side by side. Alternatively, kṣa can be also written as a ligature क्ष, which is actually the preferred form.
Generally, when a dead consonant letter C1 and another consonant letter C2 are conjoined, the result may be:
  1. A fully conjoined ligature of C1+C2;
  2. Half-conjoined—
  3. *C1-conjoining: a modified form of C1 attached to the original form of C2
  4. *C2-conjoining: a modified form of C2 attached to the full form of C1; or
  5. Non-ligated: full forms of C1 and C2 with a visible virama.
If the result is fully or half-conjoined, the virama which made C1 dead becomes invisible, logically existing only in a character encoding scheme such as ISCII or Unicode. If the result is not ligated, a virama is visible, attached to C1, actually written.
Basically, those differences are only glyph variants, and three forms are semantically identical. Although there may be a preferred form for a given consonant cluster in each language and some scripts do not have some kind of ligatures or half forms at all, it is generally acceptable to use a nonligature form instead of a ligature form even when the latter is preferred if the font does not have a glyph for the ligature. In some other cases, whether to use a ligature or not is just a matter of taste.
The virama in the sequence C1 + virama + C2 may thus work as an invisible control character to ligate C1 and C2 in Unicode. For example,
is a fully conjoined ligature. It is also possible that the virama does not ligate C1 and C2, leaving the full forms of C1 and C2 as they are:
is an example of such a non-ligated form.
The sequences ङ्क ङ्ख ङ्ग ङ्घ, in correct Devanagari handwriting, should be written as conjuncts.

End of word

The inherent vowel is not always pronounced, in particular at the end of a word. No virama is used for vowel suppression in such cases. Instead, the orthography is based on Sanskrit where all inherent vowels are pronounced, and leaves to the reader of modern languages to delete the schwa when appropriate.