Value measuring methodology is a tool that helps financial planners balance both tangible and intangible values when making investment decisions, and monitor benefits. Formal methods to calculate the Return on investment have been widely understood and used for a long time, but there was no easy and widely known way to provide a formal justification for decisions based on intangible values, which can include the reputation of an organization, the wellbeing of staff, or the impact on society or the environment at large. It was particularly difficult for decision makers to work through the trade-offs between costs and intangible benefits, especially for long-term investments by commercial organizations, and for governments and non-profit organizations who are primarily concerned with intangible values without wasting limited funds. Even within commercial organizations, units traditionally viewed as "cost centres" found it difficult to get acceptance of proposals for projects that would lead to general and long-term efficiency or capability gains, as the benefits were difficult to assign to "profit centres". The approach of the VMM is to start by developing a framework of values, including costs, risks, tangible returns and intangible returns, then assign scores to each element in the framework. Once the relative scores of the different types of values are assigned and agreed, it becomes possible to examine alternatives and give yes/no decisions in a fairly objective and repeatable manner, and review progress using a range of traditional quantitative program management techniques. As well as allowing comparison of different values within a project, the quantitative approach of the VMM permits review of the total contribution to a particular value across a range of projects.
History and Adoption
VMM was developed by the General Services Administration's Office of Government-wide Policy in collaboration with Harvard University. The VMM was first articulated in a report by Booz Allen Hamilton in 2002 for the US Social Security Administration, as part of an electronic services project. It was popularized by a suite of documents released by the US Federal Chief Information Officers Council in 2003, which give detailed guidance to agencies helping them to seek funding and plan budgets for their proposals, analyze their investments for values across their portfolio of initiatives, and track both tangible and intangible returns over time, with a particular emphasis on information technology investments and the production of OMB-300 exhibits for the . The introductory document was given the significant title It's Not Just Return on Investment Anymore. The suite of documents from the US CIO Council include the following, which are readily adapted for other countries and non-government organizations:
FAQ
Introduction
How-To-Guide
Highlights
Outline of the steps in the VMM
Each of the four major steps of the VMM process has tasks and outputs. The breakdown below, and the description of major value factors, is based primarily on the suite of VMM documents from the US Federal Chief Information Officers Council in 2003.
Forcing the development of the decision framework, with the assignment of scores to intangibles allowing comparison to other intangibles as well as tangibles, eases the resolution of differences of perspectives between senior managers, allows changes to the scores to flow through to the rest of the process, and provides clarity of benefits to a board, and clarity of priorities to people looking after more detailed aspects of the initiative. The same transparency of values apply if the proposal is developed at an enterprise level, or within a lesser organizational unit. Major value factors include the following
direct customer value: benefits to customers/clients, e.g. convenient access, product enhancement
social: benefits to society as a whole, e.g. reducing CO2 emissions
operational: better operations and lowering barriers to future initiatives, e.g. improved infrastructure
strategic: contributions to strategic initiatives and fulfilling the mission of the organization
financial: financial benefits, including increased revenue, decreased costs, and cost avoidance
A holistic approach to Capital Investment Planning, using the portfolio approach, requires a significant amount of supporting documentation. The VMM approach can provide planning data and performance assessment criteria for the following:
Summary of spending
Project description and justification
Performance goals and measures
Alternatives analysis
Risk inventory and assessment
Program management
Acquisition strategy
Project and funding plan
Business case criteria
In particular, VMM allows quantitative reporting of commitments to particular intangibles across a number of initiatives, even when they differ by their stage in their lifecycles.
Related theories
Val IT – Getting value from IT investments, which helps link VMM to IT governance.
Risk management – as risks play a large part in VMM
Enterprise architecture – as enterprise architects are central players in planning programs of work
Value theory – as this provides a core background to understanding what people value
Enterprise Asset-Based Value Measurement – a structured and rigorous method of viewing and analysing the enterprise as a comprehensive and inter-related set of assets that drive performance and value optimisation - see Enterprise Value matriX
