Vaccine-preventable diseases


A vaccine-preventable disease is an infectious disease for which an effective preventive vaccine exists. If a person acquires a vaccine-preventable disease and dies from it, the death is considered a vaccine-preventable death.
The most common and serious vaccine-preventable diseases tracked by the World Health Organization are: diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae serotype b infection, hepatitis B, measles, meningitis, mumps, pertussis, poliomyelitis, rubella, tetanus, tuberculosis, and yellow fever. The WHO reports licensed vaccines being available to prevent, or contribute to the prevention and control of, 27 vaccine-preventable infections.

Background

In 2012, the World Health Organization estimated that vaccination prevents 2.5 million deaths each year. With 100% immunization, and 100% efficacy of the vaccines, one out of seven deaths among young children could be prevented, mostly in developing countries, making this an important global health issue. Four diseases were responsible for 98% of vaccine-preventable deaths: measles, Haemophilus influenzae serotype b, pertussis, and neonatal tetanus.
The Immunization Surveillance, Assessment and Monitoring program of the WHO monitors and assesses the safety and effectiveness of programs and vaccines at reducing illness and deaths from diseases that could be prevented by vaccines.
Vaccine-preventable deaths are usually caused by a failure to obtain the vaccine in a timely manner. This may be due to financial constraints or to lack of access to the vaccine. A vaccine that is generally recommended may be medically inappropriate for a small number of people due to severe allergies or a damaged immune system. In addition, a vaccine against a given disease may not be recommended for general use in a given country, or may be recommended only to certain populations, such as young children or older adults. Every country makes its own immunization recommendations, based on the diseases that are common in its area and its healthcare priorities. If a vaccine-preventable disease is uncommon in a country, then residents of that country are unlikely to receive a vaccine against it. For example, residents of Canada and the United States do not routinely receive vaccines against yellow fever, which leaves them vulnerable to infection if travelling to areas where risk of yellow fever is highest.

List of vaccine-preventable diseases

The WHO lists 27 diseases for which vaccines are available:
  1. Cholera
  2. Dengue fever
  3. Diphtheria
  4. Ebolavirus
  5. Haemophilus influenzae type b
  6. Hepatitis A
  7. Hepatitis B
  8. Hepatitis E
  9. Human papilloma-virus
  10. Influenza
  11. Japanese encephalitis
  12. Malaria
  13. Measles
  14. Meningococcal disease
  15. Mumps
  16. Pneumococcal disease
  17. Pertussis
  18. Poliomyelitis
  19. Rabies
  20. Rotavirus gastroenteritis
  21. Rubella
  22. Tetanus
  23. Tick-borne encephalitis
  24. Tuberculosis
  25. Typhoid fever
  26. Varicella
  27. Yellow fever
  28. Shingles

    Vaccine-preventable diseases demonstrated in the laboratory on other animals