Uranometria is a star atlas produced by Johann Bayer. It was published in Augsburg in 1603 by Christoph Mang under the full title Uranometria : omnium asterismorum continens schemata, nova methodo delineata, aereis laminis expressa. This translates to "Uranometria, containing charts of all the constellations, drawn by a new method and engraved on copper plates". The word "Uranometria" derives from Urania, Muse of the heavens and "uranos" the Greek word for sky / heavens. A literal translation of "Uranometria" is "Measuring the Heavens". It was the first atlas to cover the entire celestial sphere.
The charts in ''Uranometria''
Uranometria contained 51 star charts, engraved on copper plates by Alexander Mair. The first 48 charts illustrate each of the 48 Ptolemaic constellations. The 49th chart introduces 12 new constellations in the deep southern sky which were unknown to Ptolemy. The final two charts are planispheres labeled "Synopsis coeli superioris borea" and "Synopsis coeli inferioris austrina," or, "Overview of the northern hemisphere" and "Overview of the southern hemisphere." Each plate includes a grid for accurately determining the position of each star to fractions of a degree. The positions used by Bayer to create the Uranometria were taken from the expanded 1,005 star catalog of Tycho Brahe. Brahe's expanded list had circulated in manuscript since 1598 and was available in graphic form on the celestial globes of Petrus Plancius, Hondius, and Willem Blaeu. It was first published in tabular form in Johannes Kepler's Rudolphine Tables of 1627. The use of Brahe's catalog allowed for considerably better accuracy than Ptolemy's somewhat limited star listing. The stars listed in Uranometria total over 1,200, indicating that Brahe's catalog was not the only source of information used. Bayer took the southern star positions and constellation names for the 49th plate from the catalog of Dutch navigator Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser, who corrected the older observations of Amerigo Vespucci and Andrea Corsali, as well as the report of Pedro de Medina. Uranometria contains many more stars than did any previous star atlas, though the exact number is disputed as not all stars on the charts are labeled. Each of the constellations' stars are overlain on an engraved image of the subject of the constellation. For reasons unknown, many of the human constellations are engraved as figures seen from behind whereas they had traditionally been rendered as facing the Earth. This oddity led to some confusion in the literal meanings of certain star names. Uranometria introduced the convention of labelling stars by Greek and Latin letters, known as Bayer star designations, a system which is still used today.
In the first edition of Uranometria a table of stars was printed on the back of each plate. This made it impossible to consult the table while looking at the chart. Worse still, the lettering of the table showed through the page and spoiled the chart. All later editions of the Uranometria omitted the tables, which were instead printed in a separate catalogue called Explicatio characterum aeneis Uranometrias. Unfortunately this separate catalogue was marred by numerous typographical errors which became worse with subsequent editions.
The engraved title page of Uranometria is signed in the shadows of the central scroll at the bottom with the monogram AMF, for "Alexander Mair fecit", and the date MDCIII. It features an architectural motif with the full title in the center. On pedestals to either side stand figures of Atlas and Hercules. Inscriptions in the pedestals read, "Atlanti uetustiss astronom magistro" and "Herculi uetustiss astronom discipulo". Across the top of the title page are engraved several additional figures. In the upper left is Apollo, personifying the sun. Top center is the Earth goddessCybele with a crown of stars and two lions on leashes. Upper right is Diana, personifying the Moon, with a cape of stars. Beneath the title banner is a figure of Capricorn and beneath that a view of Augsburg.
