United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus
The United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus is a demilitarized zone, patrolled by the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, that was established in 1964 and extended in 1974 after the ceasefire of, following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, and the de facto partition of the island into the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus and the unofficial Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in the North. The zone, also known as the Green Line, stretches for from Paralimni in the east to Kato Pyrgos in the west, where a separate section surrounds Kokkina.
The dividing line is also referred to as the Attila Line, named after the Turkish code-name for the 1974 military intervention: Operation Atilla. The Turkish army has built a barrier on the zone's northern side, consisting mainly of barbed-wire fencing, concrete wall segments, watchtowers, anti-tank ditches, and minefields. The zone cuts through the centre of Nicosia, separating the city into southern and northern sections. In total, it spans an area of, varying in width from less than to more than. Because of this, years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Nicosia remains the last divided capital in Europe. Some 10,000 people live in several villages and work on farms located within the zone; the village of Pyla is famous for being one of the few remaining villages in Cyprus where Greek and Turkish Cypriots still live side by side. Other villages are Deneia, Athienou and Troulloi. Some areas are untouched by human interference and have remained a safe haven for flora and fauna.
History
A buffer zone in Cyprus was first established in the last days of 1963, when Major-General Peter Young was the commander of the British Joint Force. This Force was set up in the wake of the inter-communal violence of Christmas 1963. On the 30th December 1963, following a ‘high powered’ twelve hour meeting chaired by Duncan Sandys, General Young drew the agreed cease-fire line on a map with a green chinagraph pencil, which was to become known as the "Green Line".This map was then passed to General Young's Intelligence Officer who was waiting in a nearby building and told to, “Get on with it.” Intelligence Corps NCOs then copied the map for distribution to the Truce Force units. Further copies of the map would then have been produced ‘in house’ for use by Truce Force patrols.
The Green Line became impassable following the July 1974 Turkish occupation of Cyprus during which Turkey occupied approximately 37% of Cypriot territory, in response to a short-lived Greek Cypriot coup. A "security zone" was established after the Tripartite Conference of Geneva in July 1974. Pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 353 of 1974, the foreign ministers of Greece, Turkey, and the United Kingdom convened in Geneva on 25 July 1974. According to UNFICYP, the text of the joint declaration transmitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations was as follows:
The UN Security Council then adopted the above declaration with Resolution 355. When the coup dissolved, the Turkish Armed Forces advanced to capture approximately 37% of the island and met the "Green Line". The meandering Buffer Zone marks the southernmost points that the Turkish troops occupied during the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in August 1974, running between the ceasefire lines of the Cypriot National Guard and Turkish army that de facto divides Cyprus into two, cutting through the capital of Nicosia. With the self-proclamation of the internationally unrecognized "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus", the Buffer Zone became its de facto southern border.
Traffic across the buffer zone was very limited until 2003, when the number of crossings and the rules governing them were relaxed.
Sectors
Sector One
Starts at Kokkina exclave and covers approximately to Mammari, west of Nicosia. Since 16 October 1993, it has been the responsibility of the Argentinian Contingent with approximately 212 soldiers. Sector One Headquarters and Command Company are located in San Martin Camp, which is near Skouriotissa village. Support Company finds its home at Roca Camp, near Xeros in the north. The two line companies are deployed along four permanently manned patrol bases while also conducting mobile patrols from the San Martin and Roca camps.Sector Two
Starts at Mammari, west of Nicosia and covers to Kaimakli, east of Nicosia. Since 1993, it has been the responsibility of the British contingent, which deploys using the name Operation TOSCA.Sector Three
Sector 3 was patrolled by Canadian troops until their departure in 1993. It was then absorbed into Sectors 2 and 4.Sector Four
Starting at Kaimakli, east of Nicosia and covers to the village of Dherinia, on the east coast of Cyprus and has been the responsibility of the Slovakian contingent, with 202 soldiers.Crossings
After a nearly 30-year ban on crossings, the Turkish Cypriot administration significantly eased travel restrictions across the dividing line in April 2003, allowing Greek Cypriots to cross at the Ledra Palace Crossing just outside the walls of old Nicosia. This was only made possible after the decision of the ECHR.These are the crossings now available:
| Cyprus area under the control of the Republic of Cyprus | Cyprus area under the control of Northern Cyprus | Notes |
| Astromeritis | Zodeia | By car only |
| Ayios Dhometios | Metehan | By foot and car |
| Ledra Palace | Ledra Palace | By foot only |
| Ledra Street | Ledra Street | By foot only |
| Pyla | Pergamos | |
| Agios Nikolaos | Strovilia | Crossing point controls carried out by SBA police on the one side, and by the police of the de facto Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus on the other side |
| Limnitis | Limnitis |
Before Cypriot accession to the European Union, there were restrictions on Green Line crossings by foreigners imposed by the Republic of Cyprus, but these were abolished for EU citizens by EU regulation 866/2004. Generally, citizens of any country are permitted to cross the line, including Greek and Turkish Cypriots. A 2005 EU report stated that "a systematic illegal route through the northern part to the government-controlled areas exists" allowing an influx of asylum seekers.
Incidents
On 11 August 1996, Greek Cypriot nationalists demonstrated with a march against the Turkish occupation of Cyprus. The demonstrators' demand was the complete withdrawal of Turkish troops and the return of Cypriot refugees to their homes and properties. Among the demonstrators was Cypriot refugee Tassos Isaac, who was beaten to death by the Turkish far-right group Grey Wolves.Another man, Solomos Solomou, was shot to death by a Northern Cyprus minister during the same protests on 14 August 1996.
Aged 26, Solomou was one of many mourners who entered the Buffer Zone three days after Isaac's funeral, on 14 August to lay a wreath on the spot where he had been beaten to death. Solomou was fired upon by Minister of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Northern Cyprus Kenan Akin when he was climbing to a flagpole to remove the flag of Turkey. An investigation by authorities of the Republic of Cyprus followed, and the suspects were named as Kenan Akin and Erdal Haciali Emanet. International legal proceedings were instigated and arrest warrants for both were issued via Interpol. During the demonstrations on 14 August 1996, two British soldiers were also shot by the Turkish forces: Neil Emery and Jeffrey Hudson, both from 39th Regiment Royal Artillery. Bombardier Emery was shot in his arm, whilst Gunner Hudson was shot in the leg by a high velocity rifle round and was airlifted to hospital in Nicosia then on to RAF Akrotiri.
On 9 March 2020, UNFICYP soldiers and police prevented further violation by Turkish Cypriot Security Forces by pushing them away from the Republic of Cyprus border and maintained the integrity of the Buffer Zone. This came after authorities in the unrecognised North of Cyprus had built an illegal structure in the previous year, from the so called TRNC customs post into the United
Nations Buffer Zone.