Ume Sami


Ume Sámi is a Sámi language spoken in Sweden and formerly in Norway. It is a moribund language with only about 10-20 native speakers left. It was spoken mainly along the Ume River in the south of present-day Arjeplog, in Sorsele and in Arvidsjaur.

Dialects

The best-known variety of Ume Sami is that of one Lars Sjulsson from Setsele, close to Malå, whose idiolect was documented by W. Schlachter in a 1958 dictionary and subsequent work. Dialect variation exists within the Ume Sami area, however. A main division is between more western dialects such as those of Maskaure, Tärna and Ullisjaure, versus more eastern dialects such as those of Malå, Malmesjaure and Mausjaure.
FeatureWestern Ume SamiEastern Ume SamiNotes
original *ðː
accusative singular ending-p-wfrom Proto-Samic *-m
word for 'eagle'àrʰčəàrtnəs

Phonology

Consonants

An and are allophones of and. When a sound occurs before a plosive or an affricate sound, they are then realized as preaspirated sounds. If an sound occurs before a sound, it is realized as a palatal lateral sound. Some western dialects of the language lack the phoneme.

Vowels

Four diphthongs are included;,,,. A schwa sound may exist as an allophone of various vowel sounds.

Writing system

Until 2010, Ume Sámi did not have an official written standard, although it was the first Sámi language to be written extensively. The New Testament was published in Ume Sámi in 1755 and the first Bible in Sámi was also published in Ume Sámi, in 1811.
The current official orthography is maintained by the Working Group for Ume Sámi, whose most recent recommendation was published in 2016.
LetterPhoneme
A a
Á á
B b
D d
Đ đ
E e,
F f
G g
H h
I i
Ï ï
J j
K k,
L l
M m
N n
Ŋ ŋ
O o
P p,
R r
S s
T t,
Ŧ ŧ
U u,
Ü ü,
V v
Y y
Å å,
Ä ä
Ö ö

Shortcomings:

Consonant gradation

Unlike its southern neighbor Southern Sámi, Ume Sámi has consonant gradation. However, gradation is more limited than it is in the more northern Sami languages, because it does not occur in the case of short vowels followed by a consonant that can gradate to quantity 1. In these cases, only quantity 3 appears. Consonant clusters can gradate regardless of the preceding vowel.

Cases

Pronouns

Verbs

Persons and numbers

The verbs in Ume Sámi have three persons, first, second and third. There are three grammatical numbers: singular, dual and plural.

Mood

Ume Sámi has two grammatical moods: indicative and imperative

Tense

Negative verb

Ume Sámi, like Finnish, the other Sámi languages, and Estonian, has a negative verb. In Ume Sámi, the negative verb conjugates according to mood, person and number.

Example