Ulnar nerve
In human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve that runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint is in relation with the ulnar nerve. The nerve is the largest in the human body unprotected by muscle or bone, so injury is common. This nerve is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger, innervating the palmar aspect of these fingers, including both front and back of the tips, perhaps as far back as the fingernail beds.
This nerve can cause an electric shock-like sensation by striking the medial epicondyle of the humerus from posteriorly, or inferiorly with the elbow flexed. The ulnar nerve is trapped between the bone and the overlying skin at this point. This is commonly referred to as bumping one's "funny bone". This name is thought to be a pun, based on the sound resemblance between the name of the bone of the upper arm, the "humerus", and the word "humorous". Alternatively, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, it may refer to "the peculiar sensation experienced when it is struck".
Structure
Arm
The ulnar nerve originates from the C8-T1 nerve roots which then form part of the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and descends medial to the brachial artery, up until the insertion point of coracobrachialis muscle. Then, it pierces the medial intermuscular septum and enters the posterior compartment of the arm, accompanied by superior ulnar collateral vessels. It runs at the posteromedial aspects of the humerus, passing behind the medial epicondyle at the elbow, where it can be palpated by hand.Forearm
Ulnar nerve is not a content of the cubital fossa. It enters the anterior compartment of the forearm between the two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris, lie along the lateral border of the flexor carpi ulnaris. The ulnar nerve runs between the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus medially. Near the wrist, it courses superficial to the flexor retinaculum of hand, but covered by volar carpal ligament to enter the hand.In the forearm it gives off the following branches:
- Muscular branches of ulnar nerve - supplies one and a half muscles
- Palmar branch of ulnar nerve - arises from the middle part of the forearm and supplies the skin over the hypothenar eminence.
- Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve - arises from 7.5 cm above the wrist, winds backwards to supplies the skin of the proximal part of the ulnar one and half fingers and the adjoining area between the fingers.
- Articular branches are given off to the elbow joint.
Hand
Here it gives off the following branches:
- Superficial branch of ulnar nerve - supplies the palmaris brevis and gives digital branches to the medial one and a half fingers.
- Deep branch of ulnar nerve - It accompanies the deep branch of the ulnar artery. It passes backwards between the abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, and opponens digiti minimi, supplying all the three muscles, and lying on the hook of hamate bone. It then turns laterally, supplying the 3rd and 4th lumbricals and all the palmar interossei muscles and dorsal interossei of the hand. It terminates by supplying the adductor pollicis.
- Articular branches to the wrist.
Function
Sensory
The ulnar nerve also provides sensory innervation to the fifth digit and the medial half of the fourth digit, and the corresponding part of the palm:- Palmar branch of ulnar nerve - supplies cutaneous innervation to the anterior skin and nails
- Dorsal cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve - supplies cutaneous innervation to the dorsal medial hand and the dorsum of the medial 1.5 fingers
Motor
- An articular branch that passes to the elbow joint while the ulnar nerve is passing between the olecranon and medial epicondyle of the humerus
- In the forearm, via the muscular branches of ulnar nerve:
- *Flexor carpi ulnaris
- *Flexor digitorum profundus
- In the hand, via the deep branch of ulnar nerve:
- *Hypothenar muscles
- **Opponens digiti minimi
- **Abductor digiti minimi
- **Flexor digiti minimi brevis
- *The third and fourth lumbrical muscles
- *Dorsal interossei
- *Palmar interossei
- *Adductor Pollicis
- *Flexor pollicis brevis
- In the hand, via the superficial branch of ulnar nerve:
- *Palmaris brevis
Clinical significance
At the elbow
- Common mechanisms of injury: Cubital tunnel syndrome, fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus, fracture of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
- Motor deficit:
- * Weakness in flexion of the hand at the wrist, loss of flexion of ulnar half of digits, or the 4th and 5th digits, loss of ability to cross the digits of the hand.
- * Presence of a claw hand deformity when the hand is at rest, due to hyperextension of the 4th and 5th digits at the metacarpophalangeal joints, and flexion at the interphalangeal joints.
- * Weakness of adduction of the thumb, which may be assessed by the presence of Froment's sign.
- Sensory deficit: Loss of sensation or paresthesiae in ulnar half of the palm and dorsum of hand, and the medial 1½ digits on both palmar and dorsal aspects of the hand
- Common mechanism: penetrating wounds, Guyon canal cyst
- Motor deficit:
- * Loss of flexion of ulnar half of digits, or the 4th and 5th digits, loss of ability to cross the digits of the hand.
- * Presence of a claw hand deformity when the hand is at rest, due to hyperextension of the 4th and 5th digits at the metacarpophalangeal joints, and flexion at the interphalangeal joints.
- * The claw hand deformity is more prominent with injury at the wrist as opposed to a lesion higher up in the arm, for instance, at the elbow, as the ulnar half of the flexor digitorum profundus is not affected. This pulls the distal interphalangeal joints of the 4th and 5th digit into a more flexed position, producing a more deformed 'claw'. This is known as the ulnar paradox.
- * Weakness of adduction of the thumb, which may be assessed by the presence of Froment's sign.
- Sensory deficit: Loss of sensation or paresthesiae in ulnar half of the palm, and the medial 1½ digits on the palmar aspect of the hand, with dorsal sparing. The dorsal aspect of the hand is unaffected as the posterior cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve is given off higher up in the forearm and does not reach the wrist.