Treasury Note (1890–91)
The Treasury Note was a type of representative money issued by the United States government from 1890 until 1893 under authority of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in denominations of $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100 and $1000. It was issued in two series: an 1890 series with $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $100 and $1000 denominations, and an 1891 series that added the $50 denomination. A $500 note was designed but never issued. A distinguishing feature of the Series 1890 notes is the extremely ornate designs on the reverse side of the notes. The intent of this was to make counterfeiting much more difficult, but opponents of the design argued that the extensive detail would make it more difficult to distinguish between genuine and counterfeit notes. Consequently, the reverse designs were simplified on the Series 1891 Treasury Notes issued the following year.
The Treasury Note was issued by the government to individuals selling silver bullion to the Treasury. Unlike other redemption notes like silver and gold certificates, Treasury Notes stipulated only that they were redeemable in coin. This allowed the Treasury to fulfill the note's obligation in silver coin, gold coin, or both, at its discretion when the note was redeemed. This flexibility allowed the Treasury some control over releasing gold or silver when the relative value of the two metals fluctuated. The origin of the term "Coin Note" to describe the note is unclear - it may refer either to the coin it could be exchanged for, or derive from the fact that it was issued to pay for silver that would later be turned into coins.
Treasury Notes are large-size banknotes. The portrait of General George Meade on the $1000 Note was engraved by renowned artist and line engraver Charles Burt. The 100 Greatest American Currency Notes, a 2006 book by Q. David Bowers and David Sundman, put the $1,000 Treasury Note, nicknamed the "Grand Watermelon", at the top of its list. Of the seven "Grand Watermelon" notes known to exist today, only three are available to collectors: two of the Large Brown Treasury Seal variety, pictured above; and only one example of the Small Red Treasury Seal variety.
Auction history
On January 10, 2014, at the annual Florida United Numismatist convention, in Orlando, Florida, Heritage Auctions sold a Series 1890 $1,000 Treasury Note for $3,290,000, setting a new world record price for paper currency. The same note had set a record in December 2006 when it was sold for $2,255,000 in a private sale. The note was previously auctioned in 1944 for $1,230 and in 1970 for $11,000.The other variety of $1,000 Treasury Notes, Series 1891 "Open Backs", represented by just two notes, has also been involved in the recent string of record-breaking sales. While one of these two notes is owned by the Smithsonian Institution, the only Series 1891 $1,000 note available to collectors had set the world record in March 2006. It again set the record in April 2013, when it was sold at public auction by Heritage Auctions for $2,585,000 at the Central States Numismatic convention, in Chicago, Illinois.
Gallery of Treasury Note images
The Treasury Notes pictured below are from the 1890 and 1891 series. Images are from the National Numismatic Collection at the National Museum of American History.| Value | Series | Fr. | Image | Portrait | Classification/variety |
| $1 | 1890 | Fr.347 | Edwin Stanton | 347 – Rosecrans and Huston – large brown. 348 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – large brown. 349 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red. | |
| $1 | 1891 | Fr.351 | Edwin Stanton | 350 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red. 351 – Tillman and Morgan – small red. 352 – Bruce and Roberts – small red. | |
| $2 | 1890 | Fr.353 | James McPherson | ||
| $2 | 1891 | Fr.357 | James McPherson | ||
| $5 | 1890 | Fr.361 | George H. Thomas | ||
| $5 | 1891 | Fr.365 | George H. Thomas | ||
| $10 | 1890 | Fr.367 | Philip Sheridan | ||
| $10 | 1891 | Fr.371 | Philip Sheridan | ||
| $20 | 1890 | Fr.374 | John Marshall | ||
| $20 | 1891 | Fr.375a | John Marshall | 375 – Tillman and Morgan – small red. 375a – Bruce and Roberts – small red. | |
| $50 | 1891 | Fr.376 | William Seward | 376 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red. | |
| $100 | 1890 | Fr.377 | David Farragut | 377 – Rosecrans and Huston – large brown. | |
| $100 | 1891 | Fr.378 | David Farragut | 378 – Rosecrans and Nebecker – small red. | |
| $500 | 1891 | William Tecumseh Sherman | 379 – Bruce and Roberts – small red. | ||
| $1,000 | 1890 | Fr.379a | George Meade | ||
| $1,000 | 1891 | Fr.379c | George Meade |