Tower division


The Tower Division was a liberty in the ancient county of Middlesex, England. It was also known as the Tower Hamlets, and took its name from the military obligations owed to the Constable of the Tower of London.
In contemporary terms, the Liberty covered inner East London, the area now administered by the eponymous modern London Borough of Tower Hamlets together with most of the modern London Borough of Hackney. The Liberty was seen as synonymous with East London until East London extended further, east of the Lea and into Essex.
The Tower Division was formed sometime in the 17th century but the much older administrative units comprising the area were united in shared military obligations long before this time. The Liberty had judicial and some local government responsibilities, and its military function was unique.

County within a county

The growth of population around the City of London led to the Ossulstone Hundred being divided into four Divisions, with each division taking on the role of the Hundred - The other three divisions of the Hundred were named Finsbury, Holborn and Kensington.
The Tower Division was different from the other divisions in that it also took on the judicial, civil and military responsibilities held at county level, making the Tower Hamlets a "county within a county", comparable to the Ridings of Yorkshire.
The area had its own Justices of the Peace, appointed by the Constable of the Tower, who administer both judicial and civil functions, mainly through their quarter sessions. The civic functions included:
Unlike the other divisions, the Tower Division was outside the jurisdiction of the Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex, with the Constable of the Tower exercising lieutenancy powers, usually with the ex-officio title of Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets. This began when the right of the Constable to exact guard duty was extended in 1605 to the raising of a militia, the Tower Hamlets Militia. Counties were the principle way in which military forces were raised and the creation of the liberty and exemption from county based obligations saw East London made a distinct military unit.
The Metropolitan Board of Works was established in 1855 in order to lead on the provision of infrastructure in the capital, and this is likely to have led to a reduced responsibilities for the Tower Hamlets JPs. The area's special status ceased in 1889 with the creation of the County of London, and the creation of a Lord Lieutenant for the new county. The Tower division appears to have persisted as a magistracy area well into the 20th century.

Military function

The Tower of London was normally garrisoned by a small force of Yeoman Warders, but these were supplemented by sometimes large numbers of local Hamlets men, Hamleteers, at times of increased tension. There was also the Tower Hamlets Militia which could be deployed in the field in the event of invasion or rebellion.
There was no peacetime standing army in England until the interregnum, and when regular units were formed they were typically raised from wider geographical districts than the Tower Hamlets, however the area has provided some examples of regular forces.

Origins

The earliest surviving reference to the inhabitants of the Tower Hamlets having a duty to provide a guard for the Tower of London dates from 1554, during the reign of Mary I. Sir Richard Southwell and Sir Arthur Darcye were ordered by the Privy Council in that year to muster the men of the Hamlets "whiche owe their service to the Towre, and to give commaundement that they may be in aredynes for the defence of the same. This was long before the creation of the Liberty, and as the Hamlets are described as "owing" service there must have been a customary duty long before that date. It can be speculated that that duty had its origin in the rights and obligations of the Manor of Stepney which once covered most or all of the Hamlets area.

English Civil War

London and the eastern counties were firmly in sympathy with Parliament and against the King from the outset of hostilities.
In the early years of the English Civil War both Parliament and the King relied on local Militias such as that of the Tower Hamlets. Generally speaking these forces were county based and very reluctant to leave their home areas. A notable few organised "Trained Bands" of more highly motivated and reliable men willing to spend more time training – Tower Hamlets had a large Trained Band ready to serve outside the Liberty and this would later be organised into large regiment. The Tower Hamlets Trained Bands saw action at Basing House, Cropredy Bridge and Newbridge.
Regimental Flag designs varied but some versions featured the Tower of London's White Tower with the Traitors' Gate watergate in the foreground. The troops wore buff sleeveless jackets to mark them out as a Trained Band, soldiers with higher status and value than ordinary Militia.

Fusiliers

In 1685, during the Monmouth Rebellion, King James II raised a force of infantry from the Tower of London garrison; the Tower Hamlets Militia. The Regiment was formed of two companies of Militia and one of miners and was known as the Ordnance Regiment and was soon renamed the Royal Fusiliers, after the fusil, the type of musket they were equipped with. The Tower Hamlets Militia helped form the Fusiliers and subsequent Tower Hamlets reserve units would come under the organisational wing of the regiment.
The regiment later became known as the 7th Regiment of Foot and The Royal Fusiliers before merging with other Fusilier regiments to form the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers in 1968. The modern regiment is headquartered at the Tower of London and maintains a museum there.

Militia and Volunteers

While most UK militia fell into disuse in the early 19th century, the Tower Hamlets Militia endured, becoming known in the late 19th century as the Tower Hamlets Militia and using the White Tower as its cap badge.
An invasion scare of 1857 saw the creation of the Volunteer Force which included both Engineer and Rifle Volunteer Corps and which in the case of the Tower Hamlets supplemented the existing militia.
These Volunteer units were raised by members of the community with the permission of their county's Lord Lieutenant, but as Tower Hamlets was effectively a 'county within a county', having its own Lord Lieutenant, it raised units in its own right.
A significant number of units were raised, a noteworthy example being the East Metropolitan RVC which was entirely made up of Jewish Volunteers. The profusion of units, some very short lived before being amalgamated or discontinued, makes the lineage of Tower Hamlets units sometimes unclear.
The Cardwell Reforms of 1871 saw the volunteer element of the armed forces re-organised and given more supervision and support from central government. The local engineer unit became known at this time as the 2nd Tower Hamlets Engineer Volunteers.
The infantry units retained their local identity but became reserve forces attached to a regular regiment, The Rifle Brigade. The Militia appear to have become the 7th Bn, the 2nd Tower Hamlets Rifle Volunteer Corps became the 9th Bn and the 1st Tower Hamlets Rifle Volunteer Brigade also joined the regiment but retained its own name. In 1881 these latter two unit became part of the East London Brigade for training and mobilisation purposes but remained part of The Rifle Brigade regiment.
The 1st Tower Hamlets Rifle Volunteer Brigade used the White Tower as its cap badge at this time and used the Tower of London moat for training and drilling. Machine Gun elements of this unit were sent to the 2nd Boer War and earned a battle honour at Colenso.
In 1904 the 1st Tower Hamlets Rifle Volunteer Brigade was transferred from The Rifle Brigade regiment to the Royal Fusiliers a historic regiment originally formed in 1685 primarily from Tower Hamlets men.

First World War

In 1908 London's reserve infantry forces were re-organised to form a new London Regiment, though the Tower Hamlets units retained their local identities and traditions and affinities gained while attached to regular regiments. The 4th Bn Royal Fusiliers became the 4th Bn while the 9th Bn The Rifle Brigade became the 17th Battalion, The London Regiment.
Both these units saw extensive combat in the First World War. The army's need for expansion saw the 4th Battalion, London Regiment "duplicated" to form four battalions ; while the Poplar and Stepney Rifles were "duplicated" to form the 1/17th, 2/17th and 3/17th. The Tower Hamlets Engineers, by now a part of the wider Royal Engineers and retaining their local identity but not their name, was also heavily involved in the conflict.
In 1926 the Poplar and Stepney Rifles was renamed the 17th London Regiment.

Second World War

In 1937 the London Regiment was abolished and the Tower Hamlets Rifles were transferred back to The Rifle Brigade regiment, seeing action in North Africa and Italy.
The increasing importance of aerial warfare saw the former 4th Battalion, London Regiment being transferred to the Royal Artillery as an Anti-aircraft artillery unit, the 60th AA Brigade, RA . The unit retained its Tower Hamlets identity, if not its name, and saw action on the home front and in continental Europe.
Descendent units of the Tower Hamlets Engineers were also extensively involved in the conflict.

Cold War

After the war the Tower Hamlets units lost their identities through a series of amalgamations.
The longest to bear the local name were the Tower Hamlets Rifles who went through the Second World War as infantry. Both these Tower Hamlets Battalions of the Rifle Brigade were amalgamated to form 656th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery TA in 1947 and from 1961-1967 were known as the 300th Light Air Defence Regiment RA .
In 1967 a further amalgamation saw the loss of local identity in this last Tower Hamlets unit and the last of the Tower Hamlets name in the British Army. Some current British Army units, recruited on a much broader geographical basis, count Tower Hamlets units as part of their historic lineage.

Extent

In 1829 the Tower Division contained the following "parishes, townships, precincts and places":

Parliamentary Borough

From 1832 to 1885 there was a Parliamentary Borough named "Tower Hamlets", after the Tower Division. From 1832 to 1868 it occupied the same boundaries as the Tower Division, with the best known MP for the area being Joseph d'Aguilar Samuda, a well known shipbuilder and an officer in the 2nd Tower Hamlets Rifle Volunteer Corps. After 1868, population growth saw the constituency split in two; the southern part of the area kept the name Tower Hamlets while Hackney, Shoreditch and Bethnal Green became part of a new Hackney constituency. The southern, Tower Hamlets constituency, persisted until 1885.

Modern Borough of Tower Hamlets

The name "Tower Hamlets" was subsequently used for the modern London Borough of Tower Hamlets created in 1965 from southern areas of the Tower Division.
The Shoreditch and Hackney proper areas of the Tower Division together make up most of the area of the modern London Borough of Hackney.