In mathematics, a pair is a structure on groups of Lie type that allows one to give uniform proofs of many results, instead of giving a large number of case-by-case proofs. Roughly speaking, it shows that all such groups are similar to the general linear group over a field. They were introduced by the mathematician Jacques Tits, and are also sometimes known as Tits systems.
Definition
A pair is a pair of subgroups B and N of a group G such that the following axioms hold:
The idea of this definition is that B is an analogue of the upper triangular matrices of the general linear groupGLn, H is an analogue of the diagonal matrices, and N is an analogue of the normalizer of H. The subgroup B is sometimes called the Borel subgroup, H is sometimes called the Cartan subgroup, and W is called the Weyl group. The pair is a Coxeter system. The number of generators is called the rank.
Examples
Suppose that G is any doubly transitive permutation group on a set X with more than 2 elements. We let B be the subgroup of G fixing a point x, and we let N be the subgroup fixing or exchanging 2 points x and y. The subgroup H is then the set of elements fixing both x and y, and W has order 2 and its nontrivial element is represented by anything exchanging x and y.
Conversely, if G has a pair of rank 1, then the action of G on the cosets of B is doubly transitive. So BN pairs of rank 1 are more or less the same as doubly transitive actions on sets with more than 2 elements.
Suppose that G is the general linear group GLn over a field K. We take B to be the upper triangular matrices, H to be the diagonal matrices, and N to be the monomial matrices, i.e. matrices with exactly one non-zero element in each row and column. There are n − 1 generators wi, represented by the matrices obtained by swapping two adjacent rows of a diagonal matrix.
More generally, any group of Lie type has the structure of a BN-pair.
The map taking w to BwB is an isomorphism from the set of elements of W to the set of double cosets of B; this is the Bruhat decompositionG = BWB. If T is a subset of S then let W be the subgroup of W generated by T: we define and G = BWB to be the standard parabolic subgroup for T. The subgroups of G containing conjugates of B are the parabolic subgroups; conjugates of B are called Borel subgroups. These are precisely the standard parabolic subgroups.
Applications
BN-pairs can be used to prove that many groups of Lie type are simple modulo their centers. More precisely, if G has a BN-pair such that B is a solvable group, the intersection of all conjugates of B is trivial, and the set of generators of W cannot be decomposed into two non-empty commuting sets, then G is simple whenever it is a perfect group. In practice all of these conditions except forG being perfect are easy to check. Checking that G is perfect needs some slightly messy calculations. But showing that a group is perfect is usually far easier than showing it is simple.
