Tisagenlecleucel


Tisagenlecleucel, sold under the brand name Kymriah, is a medication for the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia which uses the body's own T cells to fight cancer.
T cells from a person with cancer are removed, genetically engineered to make a specific chimeric cell surface receptor with components from both a T-cell receptor and an antibody specific to a protein on the cancer cell, and transferred back to the person. The T cells are engineered to target a protein called CD19 that is common on B cells. A chimeric T cell receptor is expressed on the surface of the T cell.
It was invented and initially developed at the University of Pennsylvania; Novartis completed development, obtained FDA approval, and markets the treatment. In August 2017, it became the first FDA-approved treatment that included a gene therapy step in the United States.

Medical uses

Tisagenlecleucel is indicated to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia and relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
In the United States it is indicated for the treatment of those under 25 years of age with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia that is refractory or in second or later relapse; or adults with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma after two or more lines of systemic therapy including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified, high grade B-cell lymphoma and DLBCL arising from follicular lymphoma.

Adverse effects

A frequent side effect seen is cytokine release syndrome.

History

The treatment was developed by a group headed by Carl H. June at the University of Pennsylvania, and is licensed to Novartis.
In April 2017, CTL019 received breakthrough therapy designation by the US FDA for the treatment of relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
In July 2017, an FDA advisory committee unanimously recommended that the agency approve it to treat B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia that did not respond adequately to other treatments or have relapsed.
In August 2017 the FDA granted approval for the use of tisagenlecleucel in people with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. According to Novartis, the treatment will be administered at specific medical centers where staff have been trained to manage possible reactions to this new type of treatment.
In May 2018, the FDA further approved tisagenlecleucel to treat adults with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, based on results from the JULIET phase II trial.
In England, the NHS will use the procedure to treat children with ALL if earlier treatments including stem cell transplants have failed; it is expected to apply to between 15 and 20 children. The drug has been licensed to treat adults with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, but as of 2018 it had not been decided whether the NHS would use it.
It has undergone a phase II clinical study for relapsing/remitting B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Manufacture

In a 22-day process, the treatment is customized for each person. T cells are purified from blood drawn from the person, and those cells are then modified by a virus that inserts a gene into the cells' genome. The gene encodes a chimaeric antigen receptor that targets leukaemia cells. It uses the 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain in its CAR to improve response.
Modification of the cells to create the customized therapeutic has been a major bottleneck in expanding availability of the treatment, requiring T cells extracted in Europe to be transported to the United States where they are modified, then back to Europe. Novartis has been expanding a facility in France, and constructed a new facility in Stein, Switzerland, to relieve this bottleneck beginning in 2020. Novartis uses the company Cryoport Inc. for temperature-controlled transportation required for the manufacture and distribution of Kymriah.