Thura-Yura languages
The Yura or Thura-Yura languages are a group of Australian Aboriginal languages surrounding Spencer Gulf and Gulf St Vincent in South Australia, that comprise a genetic language family of the Pama–Nyungan family.
Name
The name Yura comes from the word for "person" in the northern languages; this is a lenited form of the thura found in other languages, hence Thura-Yura. Similar words for "person" are found in languages outside the group, however.Languages
The following classification is proposed by Bowern & Koch :- Nangga: Wirangu, Nauo
- Core Thura-Yura
- *Yura : Adnyamathanha–Kuyani, Barngarla
- *Kadli : Narangga, Kaurna
- * Nukunu, Ngadjuri
Peramangk may have been a southern Thura-Yura language, close to Kaurna.
Dixon lists a Nantuwara language, but there is no data for it.
Proto-language
Reconstructed Thura-Yura vocabulary by Simpson and Hercus :;Spelling conventions
- alveolar tap: r
- alveolar trill: rr
- retroflex glide: ṟ
- retroflex tap: rd
- indeterminate rhotic: R
| gloss | Proto-Thura-Yura | Proto-Core Thura-Yura | Northern Thura-Yura | Southern Thura-Yura |
| all | wapu; kurru | |||
| all, many, big | *marna | |||
| ashes | *muru | thimpa | ||
| ashes | piirla | |||
| bad | *wadLV | |||
| bad | *wakV-Na | |||
| bark | ?*yulti | |||
| beard | ngaNka | yaNka | ||
| beard, cheek, hair | *maLTa | |||
| belly | warna | munthu | ||
| belly | ?*TiDLi | |||
| big | ngarla | |||
| bird | THirta | |||
| black | maṟu | |||
| blood | ?*kaaṟu; *karti | |||
| body: muscle, sinew | *THiltya | *thiltya | ||
| bone | *waLpu | *waLpu | warlpu | |
| breast | *ngamV | |||
| camp | *warDli | |||
| camp | *karrpa | *karrpa | ||
| camp | karnku | |||
| chest | *kuntu | |||
| child, baby | wakuwaku | |||
| child, small | *kitya | yakaCV; waNi | ||
| child, voice of infant | *kunga | |||
| cloud | *maku | |||
| cloud | *putyi | |||
| cold | *kuLTV- | |||
| cold, frost | *pakaDla | |||
| cold | urrkV- | |||
| cold | *paya-; *mVnyV | *manya | payala | |
| come here! | *paNi; *ka | *kawayi | ||
| dog | *wiLka | wiLka | kadli | |
| down, below | ?*warta- | wartathi | ||
| dry | *muDLa | murdla | ||
| dry, dust | *puthV-RV | |||
| ear | *yuṟi | |||
| earth | *yarta | |||
| egg | pipi | muka | ||
| elbow | *thiDNngi | K/NGuNaN- | ||
| eye | *mii-na | |||
| eyebrow | *piiku | |||
| far | yampa | |||
| fat | *mVrnV | *marni | ||
| feather | ?*paDLu | |||
| fingernail | *pirri | |||
| fire | *karDla | |||
| fish | *kuya | |||
| fly | *thapu | |||
| fly | *thumpV-Ca | *thupV | ||
| food | *mayi | |||
| foot | *THiDna | *thidna | ||
| good | *wayV- | |||
| hair, feather | *puthi | |||
| hand | *maṟa | |||
| head | *kaka | |||
| heart | thurlku | |||
| hungry | karnpa | |||
| knee | ?*puṟV | *mampa | puṟa | |
| knee | *maTa | |||
| leaf | karlpi | |||
| liver | *Tangka | thangka; ngaLTi | ||
| louse | *kuDLu | *kuDlu | ||
| man | pardnaapa | |||
| man | *Nipu | |||
| man | *miṟu | |||
| man | marni | |||
| man | ?*wilya-ṟu | ?*ngulta | ||
| man | *yarDli | |||
| man | ?*Tuṟa | *thuṟa | ||
| meat | *paRu | |||
| meat, flesh, heart | *puLTHA | *puLTHa | *pultha | |
| moon | *piṟa | |||
| mouth | *Taa | |||
| mouth, lip | Nimi | |||
| name | *mityi | |||
| nape, neck | ngurnti, nhurnti; wakarra | |||
| neck | *waLTu | |||
| night | *nguLTi | maLTi | ||
| night, yesterday | *wiltya | |||
| north wind, hot weather | *pukarra | |||
| north-east wind | ngarnara | karnaRa | ||
| nose | *muDlha | *mudlha | ||
| not, do not | *madLa | mardla; kuta | ||
| now | *kaRi | |||
| now, again | ?*nhaTa | |||
| now, morning | ?*panyi | |||
| now, soon | yatha | |||
| old man | *puLka | |||
| one | *kuma | |||
| other, another, the rest | *kutyu | |||
| penis | *waRi | |||
| pigface, plant food type | ?*kaCkaLa | *karrkaLa | ||
| red | ?*TVLTV- | *TaLTHa- | thaltha- | |
| red ochre | *miLTi; *karrku | |||
| rib | *TiNinyV | |||
| rib, side, flank | *pantyi | |||
| road | ?*Tapa | *Tapa | thapa | |
| root | ||||
| rotten, bad-smelling | ?*puka | *thungkV | ||
| shit, faeces | *kuDna | *kudna | ||
| shoulder | piLpi- | |||
| shoulder, wing | *wiṟi | |||
| sick, ill | ?*ngaNDa-N | |||
| sick, wound | *mingka | |||
| skin | ?*paLpa | piyi | paLpa | |
| skin, clothes | *palhtha | |||
| sky | *NayirrV | iLkaRV | ||
| sky, cloud and dust | ?*wirra | |||
| smoke | *puyu | |||
| smoke | ?*Tumpu | |||
| snake | ?*TuDNu | wapma | ||
| snake, carpet snake | muDLV- | |||
| south and south wind | *parrpa | |||
| southerly wind | *walypi | |||
| spear | *wiNTa | wirnta | ||
| spear | *kVya | *kaya | ||
| spit | *THaDlhi | *THadlhi | ngapalya; ngalytya | |
| star | *purDli | |||
| stone, adze | THurdla | |||
| stone, cooking stone | ?*kaDnya | |||
| stone, hill, grinding stone, kneecap | *puRi | |||
| stone, limestone | *parnta | |||
| stone, quartz-like stone, ice | *makV | |||
| sun | *THirntu | *thirntu | ||
| tail | kaDLHa | |||
| testicles | *kaDLu | *kadLu | kardlu | |
| that | *pa- | *pa- | pa-nha | |
| that | *ngu- | ngunha | ||
| thigh | *kaNTHi | *kaNTHi | kanthi | |
| thigh, flank, groin | ?*paLTi | |||
| this | *iNHa | |||
| throat | *yurDni | |||
| to bite | *paya- | |||
| to burn tr. | *kampa- | |||
| to burn intr. | *ngaDLi- | |||
| to climb | ?*warnta- | |||
| to come | ?*puDNa- | |||
| to cry, call | *kaLTa- | |||
| to cry, tears | *muLka | |||
| to cry, to scream | *ngaTV- | |||
| to cut | ?*waNi- | |||
| to die | *paDLu- | thinta-; padlu- | ||
| to die, dead | *kuDnyu | kupa | ||
| to dig | *paNi-; ?*paka- | pani- | ||
| to drink, to kiss, to manipulate with mouth | *THapa- | *Tapa- | thapa- | |
| to eat | *ngaLku- | |||
| to enter | *ngaLpa- | |||
| to fall | *warDni- | |||
| to get | *manku- | |||
| to get, pick up, lead, bring | *kaNka- | *kangka- | ||
| to get, take away | *mama- | |||
| to give | *yungkV- | nhungku- | ||
| to go | ?*wiNV- | nguka- | ||
| to go, walk | ?*padNV- | |||
| to hear | *yuri- See “ear”. | |||
| to hit with hand | *paLTa- | |||
| to hit with missile | *nguṟV- | nguṟa- | ||
| to hit, cause break in material integrity | *pungku- | |||
| to hit, kill | *kuNTa- | kurnta- | ||
| to know, see | *THiLka- | *thiLka- | ||
| to leave it | *wVNTV- | *waNTa- | wanthV- | |
| to lie down | *waNTi- | wanti- | ||
| to put, to get used to | ila- | |||
| to see | *nhaku- | |||
| to sit | *Tika- | thika- | ||
| to sleep, asleep | *miya | |||
| to speak | *wangka- | |||
| to spear | wiTi- | |||
| to stand | *yuwa- | |||
| to throw | *paTV- | patha- | ||
| to tie, support, build | ?*karrpV- | karrpV- | ||
| tomorrow | ?*TarrkV- | |||
| tongue | *THaLiN | tharli | thalVnya | |
| tooth | yira | Tiya | ||
| tree | *wadLa; *wira | wardla | ||
| two | *puLa | puDla; kalypilV | purla | |
| up, above | ?*kaNka | kanka | ||
| up, above, high | *karra | |||
| urine, piss | *kumpu | |||
| warm | *warlta | |||
| water | *kawi; *kapi | |||
| west | *wangka | |||
| what | *-miNV | minha | ||
| what? | *Na-, ?*Nawi | |||
| when? | *nhaDLa-TV | |||
| where? | ?*wa-THa | *wa- | ||
| white | *paLkV | *paLka | paLka-ra | |
| who? | *ngaNTu | |||
| who? | *ngaNa | *ngaNa | ||
| who? | *ngaNku | |||
| wind | *wari | |||
| woman | *parla | ngangki | ||
| woman, girl | *mankarra | |||
| woman, mother, female | *ngamV-THV | |||
| woman, wife | *kartu | |||
| yam, edible root, plant food type | *ngampa | |||
| yesterday | *puki | |||
| young one | papa |