Thermoneutral voltage


In electrochemistry, a thermoneutral voltage is a voltage drop across an electrochemical cell which is sufficient not only to drive the cell reaction, but to also provide the heat necessary to maintain a constant temperature. For a reaction of the form
The thermoneutral voltage is given by
where is the change in enthalpy and F is the Faraday constant.

Explanation

For a cell reaction characterized by the chemical equation:
at constant temperature and pressure, the thermodynamic voltage is given by the Nernst equation:
where is the Gibbs energy and F is the Faraday constant. The standard thermodynamic voltage is given by:
and the Nernst equation can be used to calculate the standard potential at other conditions.
The cell reaction is generally endothermic: i.e. it will extract heat from its environment. The Gibbs energy calculation generally assumes an infinite thermal reservoir to maintain a constant temperature, but in a practical case, the reaction will cool the electrode interface and slow the reaction occurring there.
If the cell voltage is increased above the thermodynamic voltage, the product of that voltage and the current will generate heat, and if the voltage is such that the heat generated matches the heat required by the reaction to maintain a constant temperature, that voltage is called the "thermoneutral voltage". The rate of delivery of heat is equal to where T is the temperature and dS/dt is the rate of entropy production in the cell. At the thermoneutral voltage, this rate will be zero, which indicates that the thermoneutral voltage may be calculated from the enthalpy.

An example

For water at standard temperature the net cell reaction may be written:
Using Gibbs potentials , the thermodynamic voltage at standard conditions is
Just as the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen generates heat, the reverse reaction generating hydrogen and oxygen will absorb heat. The thermoneutral voltage is :