The Peony Pavilion
The Peony Pavilion, also named The Return of Soul at the Peony Pavilion, is a romantic tragicomedy play written by dramatist Tang Xianzu in 1598, and the plot was drawn from the short story Du Liniang Revives For Love. It depicts a love story between Du Liniang and Liu Mengmei that overcomes all difficulties, transcending time and space, life and death; the pair unite at the end. Tang's play diverges from the short story in that it dynamically integrates the legendary and the reality in Ming Dynasty. Scenes of love in dreams, Du Liniang's revival, or any supernatural element seem absurd in play, but it reflects the sprout of humanism, through protagonists' strong desire and unremitting pursuit of free love, and uncovers the degeneracy of the society under feudalism at that time.
The play was originally written for staging as Kunqu opera, one of genres of traditional Chinese theatre arts. It was first performed in 1598 at the Pavilion of Prince Teng. With its sophisticated plot, magnificent dramatic structure and well-depicted characters, The Peony Pavilion has become the most popular play from the Ming dynasty and Du Liniang became one of the most representative women in ancient Chinese drama. Most audience and contemporary critics have a high estimation of the play. It has become one of the most classic in traditional Chinese theatre art, and Kun theatre troupes can not consider their repertoire complete without this play.
Tang Xianzu was one of the greatest dramatists and writers in Ming Dynasty, and The Peony Pavilion can be regarded as his most successful masterpiece in his life. It is also one of drama in Tang's famous collection Linchuan si meng, the other three plays are Zichai Ji, Nanke Ji and Handan Ji''. Both the play and its dramatist get a high reputation on Chinese and international stages, and the study on Tang Xianzu has become a popular subject today.
The play has a total of 55 scenes, which can run for more than 22 hours onstage.
Synopsis
The performance onstage traditionally focuses on the love scene between Du Liniang and Liu Mengmei, but its original text also contains subplots pertaining to the falling Song Dynasty's defense against the aggression of the Jin Dynasty. The story is set in the last days of the Southern Song Dynasty. On a fine spring day, her maid persuades Miss Du Liniang, the sixteen-year-old daughter of an important official, Du Bao, to take a stroll in the garden, where she falls asleep. In Miss Du's dream, she encounters a young scholar. Liu Mengmei's bold advances ignite a passionate romance between the two lovers and it flourishes rapidly. Du Liniang's dream is interrupted by a flower petal falling on her. Du Liniang can not seem to get the oneiric love affair out of her mind, and her lovesickness quickly consumes her. Unable to recover from her fixation, Du Liniang wastes away and dies.The president of the underworld adjudicates that marriage between Du Liniang and Liu Mengmei is predestined and Du Liniang ought to return to the earthly world. Du Liniang then appears to Liu Mengmei in his dreams who now inhabits the garden where Du Liniang had her fateful dream. Recognising Du Bao's deceased daughter to be the girl who turns up in his dreams, Liu agrees to exhume her body upon her request and this is how Du Liniang is brought back to life. Liu visits Du Bao and informs him of his daughter's resurrection. The disbelieving and furious Du Bao threw Liu into prison for being a grave robber and an impostor.
The ending of the story follows the formula of many Chinese comedies. Liu Mengmei narrowly escapes death by torture thanks to the arrival of the results of the imperial examination in which Liu has topped the list. The emperor pardons all.
In the first scene, there is a four-sentence introductory speech succinctly summarizing the main storyline:
Scenes
There are total of fifty-five scenes in the play.1. The Prologue
4. The Pedant's Complaint
7. The Family School
10. A Surprising Dream
13. Setting Out
16. An Inquiry
19. A Female Bandit
22. En Route
25. Recalling the Daughter
28. Secret Rendezvous
31. War Preparations
34. The Prescription
37. The Shocked Pedant
40. The Humpback Espier
43. Defending Huai'an
46. Outwitting the Bandits
49. Lodging by River Huai
52. Searching for the Zhuangyuan
55. A Decreed Reunion
2. Ambitious Thoughts
5. Engaging a Tutor
8. Supervising Agriculture
11. King Warning
14. Drawing a Self-portrait
17. The Taoist Nun
20. Untimely Death
23. The Nether Judge
26. Admiring the Portrait
29. Suspicious Aroused
32. A Vow
35. Resurrection
38. Planning an Attack
41. Delayed for the Examination
44. Filial Concern
47. The End of the Siege
50. An Uninvited Guest
53. Under Torture
3. Disciplining the Daughter
6. A Dismal View
9. Clearing the Garden
12. Retracing the Dream
15. Invaders
18. The Diagnoses
21. Meeting the Envoy
24. Discovering the Portrait
27. The Wandering Soul
30. Interrupting the Amour
33. Confiding the Scheme
36. Abscondence of the Newlyweds
39. Reaching Lin'an
42. Transferring on Huai'an
45. The Two Defrauders
48. A Reunion with the Mother
51. The Proclamation of the Results
54. The Happy Tidings
Characters
There are about 160 odd characters in the play and 30 of main characters are vividly represented, especially:- Du Liniang is a sixteen-year-old young lady, daughter of Du Bao. The play's female protagonist.
- Liu Mengmei is a young scholar, Du Liniang's lover. The play's male protagonist.
- Du Bao is a court official, father of Du Liniang.
- Chunxiang is a maid to Du Liniang.
- Chen Zuiliang is a Confucian follower, who failed imperial examinations for fifteen times in his life, and later became Du Liniang's tutor.
- Sister Stone is the pivotal role in Du Liniang's revival and facilitates this young couple's happy union in the end.
Interpretation and criticism
Script and its staging
Albeit conventional in its narrative structure, notably its deus ex machina ending, The Peony Pavilion is hailed as one of the high points of Chinese literature because of the highly refined and subtle lyrics that it features. Accentuated by the then newly developed Kun music, the lyrical prose of the play patiently weave a fabric of nuances and metaphors that elegantly transgresses the apparent divide between nature's beauty and man's inner cosmos of emotions and desires. Through the lights and shadows of this lyrical fabric transpire ravishing delicacy and intoxicating effeteness and yet, almost antithetically, a persistent undercurrent of youthful optimism. The magic of the play's prose embedded in Kunqu quickly carries the audience to a unique experience of a literary and musical banquet of metaphors, a dance of the imagination and, above all, a celebration of sensitivity. For this reason the Peony Pavilion sets the measure for all later Kun operas.From 1598 until 1616, the year Tang passed away, the Peony Pavilion was always performed with whole scenes onstage. But later, more and more adaptions focusing on several scenes were adopted onstage rather than with a complete one, since it would cost large number of expend/ energy and time to run the whole play. "A walk in the Garden" and "The Interruption of a Dream", these two acts actually originating from one scene, namely "A Surprising Dream" in the original text, and "Reflection On the Lost Dream", are generally considered as the apogee of Kunqu in term of their literary achievements as well as for their musicality, choreography and the integration of all components. Due to the unique of its lyrics, rhythm, ancient style prose written, the translation became a daunting challenge for literature scholars and theatre practitioners.
Besides, recent adaptations have sought to inject new life, such as more accessible scripts for modern audience, new choreography or new theatrical technologies, into one of China's best-loved classical play, but since such efforts have met with opposition from the Kun opera traditionalists, to a certain degree, some scholars seriously critique them. To keep its traditions or to make it modernized has become a controversial conversation in Chinese theatre.
Humanism
The play was widely acclaimed by the public and critics when it was first presented onstage, and it is also regarded as the Chinese version of "Romeo and Juliet". Through narrating a tortuous love story, Tang portrays an image of a young couple with a strong desire for democratic thoughts and individual emancipation, which evoked most audience empathy, especially women audiences, and regarded Du Liniang as their idol for free love. Subject/ theme on "uncovering social darkness and caring people sufferings", "qualities of heroism", attacking feudalism and marriage system", "exposing the miserable fate of women" and "reflecting family and social ethics", etc., are generally discussed in ancient Chinese drama, which is also evident in The Peony Pavilion.About "Dream"
Some people also raise an idea that Tang's works of "The Four Dreams" is somehow resemble Freud's interpretation of dreams. From the perspectives of psychoanalysis, the action of "A walk in the Garden" is the awakening of Du Liniang's suppressed urges and unacknowledged emotions, while the scene of "A Surprising Dream" is exactly her fantasy of sexual satisfaction.Performance productions
- In 2012, an outdoor production of Metropolitan Museum galleries presented The Peony Pavilion in a compact seventy-minute version developed and directed by celebrated composer Tan Dun with choreography by Huang Doudou, one of China's most prominent dancers, in the Met's Astor Court, the courtyard modeled on a seventeenth-century garden. This production is available on demand on the Metropolitan Museum's website.
- In 2012, the China Arts & Entertainment Group, a creative enterprise under the administration of the Ministry of Culture for the People's Republic of China, announced the United States premiere of a new dance drama production of The Peony Pavilion by China Jinling Dance Company of Nanjing would be performed at the David H. Koch Theater, Lincoln Center, for four performances in early January.
- In June 2008, the Suzhou Kunqu Opera company performed The Peony Pavilion at Sadler's Wells, London, the UK premiere. It was presented in 3 parts on consecutive evenings, each lasting 3 hours, though still much shorter than the original 20 hours.
- In May 2008, the National Ballet of China premièred a two-scene ballet adaptation of The Peony Pavilion in Beijing. This production was rewritten and directed by Li Liuyi, choreographed by Fei Bo, and the music was composed by Guo Wenjing. It also attended Lincoln Center Festival in 2008, at David H. Koch Theater, and Edinburgh International Festival in August 2011.
- The Imperial Granary's production The Peony Pavilion in Beijing, directed by Kunqu Opera master Wang Shiyu and scenography by the renowned Lin Zhaohua, was a permanent residency show for about 5 years since the premiere in 2007.
- In 2004, Pai Hsien-yung's youth edition of The Peony Pavilion aims to rejuvenate the traditional staging. Pai, a Chinese scholar at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and his colleagues - scholars and performers, some brought back from retirement - spent five months editing Tang's script. Working out of the Jiangsu Suzhou Kunqu Theater, the group condensed and adapted the original fifty-five scenes to twenty-seven scenes, and twenty hours of performance time to nine. Bai, who had chosen The Peony Pavilion because of its universal message of love, hoped that his rendition would attract youth to Kunqu. In fact, in its tour of China's top universities, the show was marketed as the . According to Bai, the goal of this youth-oriented production was to "give new life to the art form, cultivate a new generation of Kunqu aficionados, and offer respect to playwright Tang and all the master artists that came before." His production of The Peony Pavilion was his way of doing so. Pai Hsien-yung has also used The Peony Pavilion as inspiration for a short story and a television script.
- Recent adaptations of The Peony Pavilion and allusions in popular music have revived interest in Kunqu, an art form that had been in danger of disappearing into obscurity. In 2001, UNESCO proclaimed Kunqu as a "Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity," yet the secrets of that heritage were kept by only a few aging masters in even fewer schools and institutions.
- In 1999, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts produced a 20-hour version of The Peony Pavilion, directed by Chen and starring Qian Yi as Du Liniang. This 20-hour version was perhaps the first full-length staging in 300 years. Lincoln Center's version toured extensively, including New York, Paris, Milan, Singapore, Caen, Charleston, Aarhus, Berlin, Perth and Vienna.
- In 1998, an experimental or “avant-garde” production of The Peony Pavilion composed by Tan Dun, directed by Peter Sellars and performed by Kun Opera Troupe, premiered in Vienna, and travelled to London, Roma, Paris, and Berkeley later. Also, a CD recording of this opera was released entitled "Bitter Love".
Famous performers
- Mei Lanfang, sometimes paired with Yu Zhenfei as Liu Mengmei, was famous for his sensitive portrayal of Du Liniang.
- The most famous actress of recent years is likely Zhang Jiqing's traditional approach out of Nanjing's Jiangsu Province Kun Opera.
- In Shanghai, Jennifer Hua Wenyi was very popular in the role, and has played the role abroad several times.
- For a particularly pleasant and graceful interpretation, one may refer to Zhang Zhihong 's performances in the 1990s.
Translation
- The earliest western version of The Peony Pavilion is in German - An selected translation of and an introduction to The Peony Pavilion, which published in an article China' s Love Stories, written by Xu Daolin in 1929.
- A complete German translation of The Peony Pavilion, translated by Vincenz Hundhausen, was published by Lacherre Publishing House in Zurich and Leipzig in 1937.
- A France translation of the scene "A Surprising Dream" was contained in An Anthology of Chinese Poems and Essays, published by the Delagraphe Publishing House in 1933.
- A latest complete French translation of The Peony Pavilion, translated by Andre Levy, was published in 2000.
- A selected translation in Russian by L. N. Menshkov in Oriental Classic Drama: India, China and Japan in 1976.
- Main complete translations in English:
- The Peony Pavilion, translated by Cyril Birch, first published by Indiana University Press in 1980
- The Peony Pavilion, translated by Zhang Guangqian, first published by Tourism Education Press in 1994.
- The Peony Pavilion, translated by Wang Rongpei, first published by Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press in 2000.
- The Peony Pavilion, translated by Xiaoping Yen, Dumont: Homa & Sekey Books, 2000.
Others adaptions
Pop music
- Leehom Wang, the popular Taiwanese-American music artist, referenced The Peony Pavilion in his song "Beside the Plum Blossoms" on his album Heroes of Earth, which drew heavily from Beijing Opera and Kunqu inspiration. Lee-Hom sang and rapped over traditional Kunqu melodies blended with hip-hop beats. The music video features the artist, in modern clothes, superimposed on animated scenes. The animation depicts thematic and stylistic elements of The Peony Pavilion as well as hip-hop imagery: a break dancer does tricks atop a pavilion and pink peonies turn into speakers. A performer dressed in Kunqu costume plays the role of Liu in the music video, often singing with the Kunqu technique next to Lee-Hom. The artist quotes lines from The Peony Pavilion and entreats his lover, "Let me love you…in the classical style." The lyrics reveal a longing to return to the way love was portrayed in the drama. In this way, Lee-Hom draws visual and thematic inspiration from The Peony Pavilion in his song, signaling its relevance in contemporary popular culture.
- The Chinese indie band Carrchy use The Peony Pavilion as inspiration for their lyrics. The two young members of Carrchy, lyricist Keli and producer Fly, share an affinity for ancient Chinese opera and drama, an interest that appears prominently in their work. Borrowing some of the original text, Carrchy alludes to The Peony Pavilion in their song "Romantic Dream in the Garden". The band uses Tang's lyrics and story to create the dual sensations of a lush and sensual spring and sorrow upon awakening from the dream. These Ming Dynasty era-inspired lyrics play over thoroughly modern music.
- In the Jiangsu Pavilion at the Shanghai 2010 World Expo, a 13-minute short section from The Peony Pavilion produced by the Kunqu Opera Department of the Jiangsu Performing Art Group Co., Ltd. filmed in high definition was presented for the audience. Luo Chenxue and Zhang Zhengyao, young outstanding Kunqu Opera performers from Jiangsu province, play the leading roles in this film. By combining the traditional Kunqu performing art and modern video art techniques, a stage of poetic and simplified scenes is presented.
Film
- In 2001, Joey Wong, was called Peony Pavilion in English. Though only indirectly related to the original work in terms of plot, it used the music extensively.
- A Taiwanese movie Wǒ de měilì yǔ āichōu 我的美麗與哀愁 directed by Chen Kuo-fu, with cinematography by Christopher Doyle and starring Luo Ruoying shared the same English title.
Novel
- In 2007, Lisa See's novel Peony in Love was published by Random House. The story's protagonist, Peony, falls in love with a young stranger, and her life loosely parallels that of Liniang.