The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds


The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds is a play written by Paul Zindel, a playwright and science teacher. Zindel received the 1971 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and a New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for the work.

Productions

The play's world premiere happened in the 1964/1965 season at the Alley Theatre in Houston.
The play premiered Off-Broadway at the Mercer Arts Center on April 7, 1970 and closed on May 14, 1972 after 819 performances. Directed by Melvin Bernhardt, the cast featured Swoosie Kurtz, Amy Levitt, Judith Lowry, Pamela Payton-Wright, and Sada Thompson.
The play was presented on Broadway at the Biltmore Theatre, from March 9, 1978 to March 26, 1978. Directed by A. J. Antoon, the cast included Shelley Winters, Carol Kane, Lolly Boroff, Isabella Hoopes, and Lori Shelle.
It was adapted for the screen in 1972, directed by Paul Newman and starring his wife Joanne Woodward, daughter Nell Potts, and Roberta Wallach, daughter of Eli Wallach. Woodward won the award for Best Actress at the 1973 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot

The play revolves around a dysfunctional family consisting of single mother Beatrice and her two daughters, Ruth and Tillie, who try to cope with their abysmal status in life. The play is a lyrical drama, reminiscent of Tennessee Williams' style.
Shy Matilda Hunsdorfer, nicknamed Tillie, prepares an experiment involving marigolds raised from seeds exposed to radioactivity for her science fair. She is, however, constantly thwarted by her mother Beatrice, who is self-centered and abusive, and by her extroverted and unstable sister Ruth, who submits to her mother's will. Over the course of the play, Beatrice constantly tries to stamp out any opportunities Tillie has of succeeding, due to her own lack of success in life. As the play progresses, the paths of the three characters diverge: Tillie wins the science fair through perseverance; Ruth attempts to stand up to her mother but has a nervous collapse at the end of the play, and Beatrice—driven to the verge of insanity by her deep-seated enmity towards everyone—kills the girls' pet rabbit Peter and ends up wallowing in her own perceived insignificance. Despite this, Tillie secretly continues to believe that everyone is valuable.

Characters

; Matilda "Tillie" Hunsdorfer: The main protagonist of the play. A quiet and introverted character who is teased at school. She copes with her life by immersing herself in science, hoping to reach a philosophical epiphany. Her untiring quest for her individuality stands in open defiance of her mother's wish for total control over the family. Consequently, she receives the brunt of the abuse. Tillie also owns a rabbit named Peter, given to her by her science teacher, Mr. Goodman.
; Ruth Hunsdorfer: Tillie's older sister. A brash but confused adolescent, she looks to others for advice, but often gains this insight from Beatrice. Although abused as well, she often bends to her mother's will, putting her in her mother's favor and sheltering her from the full extent of her mother's abuse. On many occasions, she attempts to make Tillie look like the crazy one, even though she herself underwent psychiatric treatment. She also takes a liking to Tillie's pet rabbit, to the point where she blackmails Tillie for possession of the rabbit, and threatens to tell her mother what the adults called mother at the school. There is evidence in the story suggesting that Ruth may have epilepsy.
; Beatrice Hunsdorfer: Tillie's and Ruth's mother. A single mother whose life has gone awry, she copes with it through self-loathing, cynicism, and drug abuse, and by verbally abusing her two daughters. As the play's main antagonist, Beatrice is mainly narcissistic, domineering, and lethally short-tempered, which is only worsened by the drugs. However, her plight is sympathetic, as her past reveals a life spiraling steadily downward from serendipitous s, leading her to self-destruction. Memorable actresses who played the leading role include Eileen Heckart, Sada Thompson, Helena Carroll, Joan Blondell and Joanne Woodward.
; Mr. Goodman: Tillie's science teacher. He serves as a mentor to Tillie. Mr. Goodman is mentioned on many occasions, but never seen, although the dialogue often implies that he is the only positive role model in Tillie's life.
; Nanny: An elderly boarder in the Hunsdorfer household. Silent throughout, she doesn't contribute much beyond being yet another to the already stressed-out Beatrice who verbally abuses her as she does her daughters. Veteran actress Judith Lowry played "Nanny" in nearly every production of the play, including TV, Off-Broadway and the movie. During the off-Broadway run, even though her character never spoke any lines in the play, she became a popular guest on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson and that led to late stardom as a series regular on Phyllis with Cloris Leachman.
; Mr Frank: Beatrice's father. A deceased vegetable vendor. After his wife died, he raised Beatrice on his own. Although he had a lowly status, Beatrice holds him in high regard—"He makes up for all the men in the world"—and smiles imagining her daughters meeting him.
; Janice Vickery: Tillie's rival at the science fair. Her experiment involved boiling the skin off a dead cat so she may use its skeleton. She plans to use a dog in her next science fair project.

Film adaptation

produced and directed a film adaptation of the play from a screenplay by Alvin Sargent. Newman cast his wife, Joanne Woodward, and one of their daughters, Nell Potts, in two of the lead roles.

Awards and nominations

The play won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for 1971.
;Winners