The Brocks of Cambridge


The Brocks were family of artists in Cambridge at the end of the Victorian Era, throughout the Edwardian era and the Interwar period. The four brothers were professional painters and illustrators. Two brothers gained a large reputation with their illustrations for the works of Jane Austen and others English classics. One brother secured an honours degree in Mathematics, a huge achievement at the time for someone from a lower-middle-class background. The three sisters had a much lower profile, in accordance with the social norms of the time. At least one of the sisters was a capable artist and poet, but it is not clear to what extent she earned her living from her art. The biographer of the family, Clifford Michael Kelly started out with the intention of writing just about Charles and Henry, the most famous of them, but realised that all the siblings worked together and supported each other.

The Parents

Edmund Brock is listed in the 1861 census as a bootmaker, boarding with Henry Stone, a bootmaker with three employees, in Islington, London. Edmund married Mary Ann Louise Pegram at Regent's Park Chapel on 23 February 1867. She was the daughter of Thomas Weeley Pegram, whom the census report to have the occupation of barrister's clerk in 1851, a photographic artist in 1861, and a photographer in 1871. The Pegams were an artistic family, and one of Mary Ann's nephews was the sculptor Henry Alfred Pegram . The illustrator Fred Pegram , and his brother, the sculptor and medallist Alfred Bertram Pegram were also her nephews.
Edmund Brock must have been very able, as by the mid-1860s he was a member of the Early English Text Society, and was publishing his own work with the Society.
The British Library show that among the works he translated or edited individually were:
He also worked with together with other scholars on the Canterbury Tales and other medieval texts. He moved to Cambridge to become a reader in medieval and oriental languages for the Cambridge University Press.

Education

The Brock children attended St Barnabas Church of England infant and junior school. The boys then went on to the Boys Higher Grade School at Paradise Street in Cambridge. The school charged 6d. a week for boys under ten and 9d. a week if they were older. The Cambridge school had a good reputation and qualified for grants from the Science and Art Department at South Kensington. One feature of the school was the Science Classes, which were held in conjunction with the Science and Art Department in South Kensington with examinations held in May of each year with the papers set by its examiners for the Science classes all over the country. The Brocks seemed to feature every prize day, they were certainly some of the most famous pupils. At the first Old Boy's meeting in April 1907, the third Headmaster, the Ref C. J. Smith said that the Brocks had made the school famous.
While the boys attended the Boys' Higher Grade School on Paradise Street, the girls attended the Girl's Higher Grade school. The Brocks also studied art at the Cambridge School of Art, and all had some musical training as they all played instruments or sang. They had regular musical evenings, either at friend's houses, or at Henry's house Cranford.
The family members were regular contributors to amateur concerts for good causes, and especially for the social events for the St. Andrew's Street Chapel. Here Charles, Richard, and Thomas played a Haydn Trio while Katharine sang, or Thomas and Katharine singing duets, or other concert contributions.

The Cambridge School of Art

The Brocks' art training was mainly at the Cambridge School of Art. The school is often said to have been founded by William John Beamont in 1858. However, the school already existed as part of the Working Men's College. Beamont, on becoming secretary of the school, fundraised aggressively, gave the school new life and expanded it into a flourishing school of art. The School survives today as one of the institutions that evolved over time to become Anglia Ruskin University.
At least five of the Brocks attended the school and won prizes there. Charles was a teacher at the school, and Richard was a pupil-teacher until 1895. The school was affiliated with the Government's Science and Art Department based at South Kensington. While the High School promoted Science, the Cambridge School of Art promoted education in arts and crafts. As part of the effort to promote education in art, the Science and Arts Department awarded three levels of prizes nationally up to 1891: Bronze Medals, The National Book Prize, and Grade 3 Grade. From then on, these prizes were replaced by scholarships, and by local prizes at the schools, usually adjudicated by someone from the Department.
To put the value of the prizes into context, in 1893 the school had 196 pupils and a fee income of £201 17s. Meaning that the average fee per student was just over £1. The school also depended on a grant from the Science and Art Department and a grant from the Cambridge Burough Council.
YearCharlesRichardThomasHenryKatharineNotes
1889Hon. Men. Best landscape from nature in oil or water colour
1890Bronze Medal: Painting of a head from life. 3rd grade: Chalk drawing of a head from life. 3rd grade: Chalk drawing of a figure from the antique. Local prizes: 1st. Best painting or drawing from life, 1st best chalk drawing form the cast.3rd grade: Chalk drawing of group of models. 3rd grade: Chalk drawing of ornament from the cast. Excellent and prize: Shaded drawing of Models. Excellent and prize: Shaded drawing from the cast. Local prize: 2nd best chalk drawing form the cast.Excellent and prize: Perspective
1891Two Bronze Medals: Paintings of heads from life. 3rd grade: Painting from the antique and anatomical studies. Excellent and prize: Painting from still life3rd grade: Studies of architectural order and construction of ornament. Excellent and prize: Perspective Excellent and prize: Free hand drawing,. Excellent and prize: Model drawing.
1892Local prize: Hon. Award. Painting from life.Local prize: Design Local prize: Outline from cast. Success in examinations in advanced subjects
1893Local prize: Chalk drawing from the cast Local prize: Work in Evening Classes
1894Free Studentship awarded by South Kensington. Local Prizes: 1st Drawing or painting from life. Landscape painting from nature. Design. 2nd Drawing of a figure fromn the antique. 1st Drawing of a head from the antique.Local Prize: For sets of Meritorious Work. For success in Examinations
1895Local Prize: Drawing and painting from life Second free studentship awareded by South Kensington. A Queen's Book Prize in the national competition for four panels representing the elements. Local Prize: Drawing and painting from life Local prizes: Set of studies of flowers from nature. Success in examinations.
1896No Data available, but it would appear from comments in 1897 that Henry got another free studentship.
1897Local prize: Drawing or painting from life Drawing from the antique Hon. Men. Monochrome painting from the cast in water colour. Success in examinations Free studentship again awarded by South Kensington. Local prize: Design Local prize: Hon. Men. Design
1898Local prizes: 1st Drawing or painting from life. 1st Drawing from the antique.
1899Local prize: Hon. Men. Drawing from the antique

Religion and politics

All of the Brocks were involved with the St. Andrew's Street Baptist Chapel. Worship had begun in a former stable and granary on the site in 1721. This was replaced by a larger chapel in 1764, and gain in 1836. The present building was designed by the architects George and Reginald Palmer Baines in 1903. The Brocks had helped with fund raising for the building of the new Chapel in 1903. Bertha and Katharine manned stalls at the Puritan Bazaar in the Guildhall to raise money for the new chapel, while the brothers performed in the concert. All four brothers, and Charles' wife were at the church to received the Free Church Summer School in August 1907. Katharine was the president of the Girls Guild at St. Andrews. As noted above, the Brocks were frequent contributors to social functions and concerts at St. Andrew's. Thomas was a member of the Robert Hall Baptist student society, which met at St. Andrews.
In politics the family were Liberal. Charles was an Assenter for the nomination of the Liberal candidate in the 1906. General Election of 1906 Edmund and three of his sons were recorded as attending the Guildhall meeting for the Liberal Party candidate in 1909. The brothers were members of the Liberal Club, with an address in Downing Street in Cambridge. Thomas played for the club in the Cambridge Billiard League. and was one of the chief subscribers for a cash presentation for club's caretaker when he retired in 1920.

The Family Home

After their marriage, the Edmund and Mary Ann Brock moved first to Leighton Road, Kentish Town, North London where Alice was born in. This was only the first home for the family. They lived at:
Arundine House was a large three story detached house. The front of the house is not symmetrical, with the leftmost third of the house looking as if it were attached to the initial symmetrical design for the right-most two thirds. Of course, it could have been built like this originally, or been added on afterwards. There is a three-storey annex at the rear of the house, which may have been built as an extension.
It is not clear when Arundine House was built, but a building was already on the site when the Ordnance Survey surveyed the area in 1886.
The adjoining property at 33 Madingley Road, on the corner with Wilberforce Road, was known as Field Cottage, and was taken by the Richard and his wife in 1925. They were still living there in 1935, but had left by 1938. Field Cottage was still in use in 1960, but the address does not appeal on the 1966 electoral register. The site in now occupied by a terrace of houses facing onto Wilberforce Road. While Arundine house was still a single unit in 1939, the electoral registers show that it was divided into three flats by 1950, with flat one being rented out and flats two and three being taken by members of the family.

The Studio

The huge studio in the back garden was built by the Brocks. There was a building, smaller than the studio, on the site of the studio in 1901 when the Ordnance Survey revised the map, but by the 1925 survey the Studio was in its current format. This is separate from the house, but has a roofed-in connection to it. The most startling aspect of the studio is the large lantern north-light, which is itself nearly two floors high.
The Brocks built the studio. All four brothers worked together in this studio, with Charles and Henry returning to it by day even after they had married and moved out of the main house. The studio was heated by a big 'jumbo' stove which impressed Katharine's daughter Barbara.
One feature of the studio, was the collection of period costumes and furniture that Charles and Henry maintained there, these, together with the costume prints and fashion plates of the Regency period helped to ensure the accuracy of their illustrations of authors such as Jane Austen. They sometimes had clothes especially made to match those of a particular period for their models. Their knowledge of antiques led in part to their being asked by Walter Mallett to help illustrate the 6th edition of the Illustrated history of furniture, from the earliest to the present time. by Frederick Litchfield. This edition had 86 more pages and 100 more illustrations than the 5th edition of 1903.

The Cranford School

The 'Cranford School' of illustration was not so much a 'school' with a common training, but more of a style. It was named for the 1891 Macmillian reissue of Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell's Cranford by Hugh Thomson. The style was an nostalgic, affectionate and slightly whimsical approach to historical themes. Thomson's illustration in the book inaugurated a Cranford School distinguished by graphic nostalgia for a philistinism that was no more. The members of the school had all been fired by the literature, art, costume or atmosphere of England in the eighteenth century and became dealers in nostalgia on a very large scale. It was a style of illustration harking back to pre-industrial rural England, which specialized in the nostalgic recreation of a by-gone golden era before the ravages of industrialization. In reality, it was only the introduction of photo-mechanical reproduction of drawings instead of wood engravings that enabled the fine pen lines distinctive of the school.
Charles and Henry were both members of the 'Cranford School'. It is probably no accident that the house Charles' moved to after his marriage in 1902, at Grange Road, Cambridge, was named 'Cranford'. Although Richard drew in the same style, he can hardly be called a member of the school as when he turned to illustration in 1920, he concentrated on contemporary topics rather than harking back to The Regency and Georgian eras. The Brock children's maternal cousin Fred Pegram, was also a member of the school.

The Brock children

Alice Emma (18681896)

Alice Emma Brock was born at 139 Leighton Road, Kentish Town, North London, on 1 January 1886. She was both the eldest of the Brock children and the shortest lived of them, dying at twenty-eight. She has left very few traces. She died in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk on 24 July 1896. She died from peritonitis exhaustion at East View, Cliff Hill, Gorleston, Great Yarmouth. Her brother Thomas was with her when she died.

Charles Edmund (18701938)

Charles Edmund Brock was the eldest, and the most successful, of the Brock brothers. He was born at the family home at Hampden Road, Holloway, London, England on Saturday 5 February 1870. Like his brothers, Charles was educated first at St Barnabas junior and infant school, before moving to the Boys' Higher Grade School which all of this brothers attended in their turn. C. J. Smith, the third headmaster of the Higher Grade School noted that the Brocks were the most famous of its pupils, and that early drawings and paintings by Charles were among his most prized possessions. Charles did not feature in prize days at the school as much as his younger brothers did, but where he did shine was at the Cambridge School of Art. Here he won prizes for painting, chalk drawing, painting and drawing from life etc.
Charles had at least some art training from the talented Cambridge sculptor Henry Wiles who was a near neighbour of the Brocks when they lived in North Terrace. There is no evidence of Charles doing any sculpture, and he did do portraits of Henry Wiles and his father, the stone-mason John Wiles.
Charles also attended the Cambridge School of Art, as did his three brothers, and at least one sister. On 25 September 1902, Charles married Annie Dudley Smith
at the St. Andrew's Street Baptist Chapel. On returning from their honeymoon, the couple lived at Cranford at 38 Grange Road, Cambridge, where he was to remain until his death. The couple had no children.
Kirkpatrick lists nearly 270 books or sets of books that were illustrated by Brock. This was only part of his output. He also illustrated magazines, and painted portraits, mostly of leading Cambridge academics.
Charles served as the executor for his father's small estate of £142, after the latter's death on 3 April 1921. Charles, who had been in poor health for some time, died on 38 February 1938, in Cranford, the house he had lived in since his marriage. His estate was valued at £2,458. His widow moved into 15 Hughes Place, Cambridge with her sister-in-law Bertha and her brother-in-law Thomas. Thomas died at the end of 1939, survived by three of his siblings, Richard, Henry, and Katharine. Charles's widow, Annie Dudley, survived him by twenty-one years, dying on 15 December 1959.

Punch illustrations by Charles

The following medical-themed Punch illustrations are by courtesy of the Wellcome Collection. Charles had 109 illustrations published in Punch between 6 February 1901 and 30 March 1910.

Richard Henry (18711943)

Richard Henry "Dick" Brock was born on Friday, 21 July 1871, at Colney Hatch, in London. His family moved to Cambridge shortly after his birth. Like his brothers he attended St Barnabus, and then the Higher Grade Boys' School. At the Higher Grade Boys' School, he was a science scholar for 1889-1890. He also attended the Cambridge School of Art where he won a whole range of national prizes. By 1891, the census shows that Richard was not only a student but also a teacher at the Cambridge Art School. He continued in this role until 1895, when the Committee of the School of Art noted that they had lost his services.
Richard did some illustration for The Infant's Magazine and The Family Friend in 1897, but Kirkpatrick states that he then concentrated on painting for the next 20 years. Holland states that Richard concentrated on painting, earning a modest income from local landscapes, mostly in oils. Kelly says that Richard undoubtedly preferred to paint cows and horses in meadows by the Cam to any other subject. However, Kelly states the from 1908 onwards, the Wells Gardner, Darton & Co.'s Prize Annual always carried his drawings in black and white, often up to the 30 drawings, and that he also contributed illustrations to same company's Chatterbox Annual.
Richard was an accomplished musician, playing not only the violin and cello, but also the double base. Richard was not just a casual player, but played with the Cambridge Orchestral Society, and was elected a member of the Society's committee in 1903.
In 1916 Richard began contribution to Tatler and Punch, and he had four illustrations published in Punch from 22 March 191611 April 1917. About this time also he began to contribute sporadically to various periodicals including:
Richard married Mary Cooke, a schoolmistress, at the Independent Chapel, Hanworth Road, Hounslow, London on 25 August 1917. The couple appear never to have had any children. In 1918, Richard appears to have applied for an exemption from National Service, as he later withdrew this on the grounds that he was engaged in War Work as a volunteer. While Richard at 45 was too old for conscription when it was first introduced in 1916, this changed in 1918. The Military Service Act of 1918 extended the age limits to 18 to 51, bringing Richard, at 47, into the net.
While Kirkpatrick states that Richard and Mary remained in the family home, Arundine House, until 1938, the electoral registers show that they moved into the house next door, Field Cottage in 1925 and was still there in 1935. Richard worked in the studio with his three brothers. Richard began to illustrate children's books in earnest in 1920, starting with Three Girls on a Ranch by Bessie Marchant, and went on to illustrate at least 80 books in total. Many of these were girl's stories, but he also illustrated many annuals.
Kirkpatrick states that Richard seems to have stopped illustrating periodicals in 1932, and books in c. 1940. By 1939 Richard and Mary were running a boarding house in Hastings, and subsequently moved to Hounslow in London in 1940. Richard dies at 32 Bulstrode Road of heart disease on 11 June 1943.
Holland states that Richard's illustrations lacked the skill and vigour of his brother Harry's illustrations. Kelly states that his drawings were not up to the standards of those of Charles or Henry.

Punch illustrations by Richard

Richard only published four sketches in Punch, three in 1916 and one in 1917. All of them refer to the war in one way or other. The 1917 sketch is an example of the way in which Punch illustrators depicted the Land Girls. Kelly says that the drawings show the Richard was clearly happier drawing animals rather than people.

Thomas Alfred (18721939)

Thomas Alfred was born on Sunday, 15 December 1872, the fourth child of his parents and the first to be born since their move to Cambridge. Like his brothers he was educated at the Higher Grade School in Cambridge, where he was a star pupil. While he was in Form 1b he was top of the prize list for that form. He also took the Mapping Prize and the Leeke Prize for his year.
Two years later Thomas took the prize for attendance another for exceeding the standard in Class 1a.
The following year his mathematical bent was on show when he achieved a First Class in stage 3 mathematics. Thomas gained the reputation of being the best mathematician that the Higher Grade School ever had.
Thomas won a sizarship, i.e. at least a partial scholarship to study mathematics at St. John's College in Cambridge, being admitted there on 13 October 1892. He graduated with an honours B. A. degree in mathematics in 1895, being 25th, he gave his profession as Artist: Illustrator of Scientific Books.
While his brothers worked at easels, Thomas's workstation was at a microscope, as he used to draw illustrations of microscope slides and microscopic creatures and structures for text-books and journals.
In 1904 Thomas won £40 as second prize in the Daily Chronicle cartoon Competition. Despite this win, Thomas did not join Charles, Henry, or Richard in drawing for Punch but he was the principal source of the jokes that his brothers drew for Punch.
Thomas played a full part in social life in Cambridge. He was a key member of the YMCA's Literary and Debating society. He also played Ping Pong, and was an officer for the Chess and Draughts club. He was a member of the local authority sub-committee that managed the School of Arts and Crafts.
While all of the Brocks seem to have been involved in the Baptist Chapel at St Andrew's street, Thomas and Katharine seem to have been the most involved. Thomas was also a member of the Robert Hall Society, a Baptist student society established by the celebrated classical scholar T. R. Glover and named for the Baptist Robert Hall
The eldest of the Brock children, Alice Emma, died on 24 July 1896. Tomas was present at her death in Great Yarmouth. Thomas had gained his B. A. the previous year and was presumably working on his M. A. He was living at home at 14 Brunswick Walk. He left home at 3:30 on December 21 for a short walk, but did not return. His family advertised for any information about him four days later. It is not clear what happened and when he returned.
Thomas never married. Sometime in 1938 or 1939, Thomas and Bertha, who were recorded in the 1935 electoral register as living at Arundine House, moved to 15 Howes Place, Cambridge, where they shared a house with Annie, Charles' widow. Bertha died there on 28 February 1939. Thomas served as the executor for her will, which named him as Thomas Alfred Brock, artist. Thomas did not long survive Bertha, dying on 20 October 1939, after a short illness, at the house he was sharing with Annie. He was buried in the same plot as Charles and Bertha at Histon Road Cemetery, Cambridge.

Technical illustrations by Thomas

The following illustration by Thomas were from the Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society Volume 63 in 1909. Thomas contributed many illustrations to the Monogaph from 1900 on. Cambridge University Press recently reissued a classic text on Fossil Plants which features at least one illustration by Thomas.

Henry Matthew (18751960)

Henry Matthew "Harry" Brock was born on Sunday, 11 July 1875. He was the most prolific illustrator of the Brocks, and one of the most prolific illustrators of his generation. He was the longest living of the Brock brothers, dying at the age of 85. Of his siblings, only Katharine, who lived to 91, was longer living. Kelly includes in the plates in his book a photograph of Henry working away at his easel at 78 years of age.
Like his siblings he was educated first at St. Barnabas, and like his brothers he also attended the Higher Grade Boy's School. Here he was a regular prize winner. When he attended the Cambridge School of Art, he was repeatedly awarded a free studentship by the Science and Art Department at South Kensington.
His first book illustration appears to have been a collaborative effort with Charles for a history reader by Macmillan. This was followd by 40 illustrations for Frederick Marryat's Japhet in Search of a father. From then on he was illustrating books and magazines almost up until his death.
Henry married Doris Joan Pegram, described as an artist's model in the 1881 census. Both Houfe and Kirkpatrick states that Doris was the sister of illustrator Fred Pegram. but close examination of the census returns show that Thomas Weely Pegram was Richard's maternal grandfather, Fred's paternal grandfather, and Doris's paternal great-grandfather. Henry was Fred's first cousin, and Doris was a daughter of Fred's first cousin.
The couple lived at a house that Henry had designed at "Woodstock", 63 Storey's Way, in Cambridge. After the Second World War, the couple move back to Arundine House, which had now been divided into three apartments. They lived in Flat 2 and Flat 3 with their two daughters. The couple had three children:
The couple had one other child, a daughter, Elizabeth A Brock who followed in her mother's footsteps by training as a physiotherapist, but contracted Multiple Sclerosis and died in her forties. After Margaret dies, he married a long-serving sister in the Salisbury hospitals, but she also predeceased him.
The Brocks were so much in demand that they employed no agent until after the First World War. Illustrated gift books were in decline after the war and were finally extinguished by the financial crash of 19291930. Over the course of his life, Henry illustrated over 550 books. Some of these books were illustrated in collaboration with others, but it still represents an enormous workload, especially when all of his other work is taken into account, not just the 415 illustrations for Punch but all of the illustrations for magazines and serial stories.
Henry was living at the Arundine House address when he died on 21 July 1960. His eyesight had been worsening since the Second World War, and his daughter-in-law reported him as making, with difficulty, a sketch of her deaf, dumb, and blind son, and then saying that it was questionable as to which of them had the worse eyesight. Henry's sight continued to deteriorate as he grew older. Doris lives on until 1 November 1979, and was one of the principle informants for the biography of the Brocks by Kelly.

Punch Illustrations by Henry

The following medical-themed Punch illustrations are by courtesy of the Wellcome Collection. Henry had 415 illustrations published in Punch from 19 July 1905 to 6 March 1940.

Katharine Alison (18761967)

Katherine Alison "Kate" Brock was born on Sunday, 10 December 1876. She attended the Girl's Higher Grade school. She has some artistic ability as she took 1st Class in Model Drawing at the Cambridge School of Art in 1893, and also passed Geometrical Drawing. In 1895 she won prizes both for a study of flowers from nature and a prize for success in examinations at the School of Art. Katharine might have become an artist like her brothers, but as Kelly notes, in the manner of the time she stayed at home as the mainstay of the household as her mother grew old and infirm.
Katharine was very involved with the Chapel on St. Andrew's Street, Cambridge. She was the president of the St. Andrew's Girls Guild, supported fundraising efforts, and was a regular performer at social functions, manning a stall at the 1903 Puritan Bazaar with her sister Bertha and featuring in the concert afterwards with Charles and Thomas. Katharine not only did the sweets with her sister-in-law Annie Dudley, but also contributed to the evening concert at the sale of work for the Baptist Missionary Society in 1908. Katharine sang at the function on 12 March 1909, together with Gertrude Alice Struggles, who later married Katharine's brother-in-law, Dudley James Smith, who played in a quartet that evening with his future wife, and with Katharine's brother Thomas.
Katharine wrote poetry and saw it published in magazines, and newspapers.
Katharine married her brother-in-law, Harold Lindsay Smith, a bookseller's assistant dealing with overseas correspondence, in the third quarter of 1911, nine years after her brother Charles had married Harold's sister Annie Dudley. Like the Brocks, the Smiths were a close family and, after the death of the third sibling Dudley James Smith in Flanders during World War I, the electoral register shows Harold and Katharine lived next door to his widow Gertrude Alice .
Harold and Katharine had one child, Barbara Noel, a poet who published at least four volumes of poetry. Barbara married the mathematician Bernard Scott. in Cambridge, England during the third quarter of 1939. The couple had four sons and the marriage was dissolved in 1972. Barbara died in Burgess Hill, West Sussex on 31 July 2000, and was cremated in Cambridge on 16 August 2000, with her family taking away the ashes. Barbara's son Colin Richard and his wife Diane were her executors, and her son Godfrey Peter, then living in Ann Arbor Michigan, as her literary executor.
Katharine died in Lewes, Sussex on 31 December 1967. The was the last and the longest lived of the seven Brock children. She was cremated at the Cambridge City Council's crematorium at Dry Drayton on 5 January 1968 and her ashes were scattered in the crematorium garden.

Example of a poem by Katharine Alison Brock

This poem, The Long Night by Katharine appeared in the Sunday Magazine and was republished in several newspapers.

Bertha Matilda (18791939)

Bertha Matilda was born at 4 Perowne Street, Cambridge on Sunday 7 December 1879. She was the baby of the family, but very little is known about her.
The Electoral Register shows Bertha and Thomas both living at Arundine House in 1935, but at the time of her death she was living at 15 Howes Place, Cambridge, again with Thomas. Charles's Widow was also at that address in 1939. Bertha died there, after a short illness, on 28 February 1939, and was buried in Histon Road cemetery together with Charles, who died 12 months before her and Thomas who died 8 months after her.