Testing: determination of one or more characteristics of an object of conformity assessment, according to a procedure.
Inspection: examination of a product design, product, process or installation and determination of its conformity with specific requirements or, on the basis of professional judgement, with general requirements.
Certification: third-party attestation related to products, processes, systems or persons.
History
The history of testing, inspection and certification services spans back several centuries. In the late 19th century, following the advent of the industrial revolution and the considerable risks involved with high-pressure steam boilers, specialized institutions emerged across Europe which carried out periodical inspections of such vessels to assess their overall condition as a precautionary measure to avoid large and often deadly damages. Likewise, several of today's leading TIC companies started as classification societies in the 18th and 19th century to provide information to shipping underwriters on the condition of ships and equipment.
Independent Testing, Inspection and Certification services
As a result of globalization, supply chains are becoming increasingly more complex. Outsourcing and rising end user quality expectations have resulted in a higher demand for independent TIC services. Businesses are aiming to ensure that products, infrastructures and processes meet the required standards and regulations in terms of quality, health and safety, environmental protection and social responsibility reducing the risk of failure, accidents and disruption. This includes such services as the testing and inspection of bulk carriers and their cargos possibly carrying commodities such as petroleum, grains or livestock. Independent TIC companies also play a key role in aiding governments fulfill their mandate in protecting consumers against hazardous products. In the European Union, for example, under the New Approach directives, certain product categories require assessment by accredited independent TIC companies, known as Notified Bodies. In the United States, the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 stipulates that third-party testing and certification of certain products is mandatory prior to being placed on the market.
TIC associations
Several associations exist representing the TIC industry. An example of a TIC association is the TIC Council which represents roughly 90 of the world's leading TIC companies and organisations globally. In 2018 the Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine and ZJ Bondi Labs Intelligent Technologies Co. Ltd. established the Chinese Testing, Inspection and Certification Education Association to develop TIC qualification standards for the Chinese TIC industry.
