Taishang Huang
In Chinese history, a Taishang Huang or Taishang Huangdi is an honorific and institution of retired emperorship. The former emperor had, at least in name, abdicated in favor of someone else. Although technically no longer the reigning sovereign, there are instances where the retired emperor continued to exert considerable power, if not more than the reigning emperor.
History
Origin
The title Taishang Huangdi was first used when Qin Shi Huangdi bestowed it upon his deceased father, King Zhuangxiang.Development
of Han had also bestowed the title Taishang Huangdi on his then-living father Liu Taigong. He bestowed it onto his father to express filial piety. It was also intended to preserve the social hierarchy between father and son, as the former was a commoner and the latter was a dynastic founder.In 301, during the War of the Eight Princes, Sima Lun became the emperor by forcing his puppet Emperor Hui of Jin to become the Taishang Huang. The title had strictly served as an honorific before, but it had become a tool of political infighting over the course of this incident.
Another significant occurrence of development was in 399, when Lü Guang of Later Liang abdicated. Lü Guang was old and had become mortally ill, but he wished to secure the transition of imperial power to his designated heir in the presence of another son who was older and posed a threat to the legitimate succession. Even though Lü Guang failed in his efforts, this incident was the earliest example where imperial retirement served as a method to secure succession.
During the Northern and Southern dynasties, this institution was employed by non-Han regimes in the north as a strategy to cast away from the tradition of the horizontal succession in favor of the Han tradition of a male primogenitor pattern of succession. In contrast, due to their Han heritage, the southern regimes had no need to make use and never employed the institution as a means to stabilize successions.
In 617, Li Yuan bestowed the title Taishang Huang upon Emperor Yang of Sui in absentia. Here, Li Yuan used the honorific as a legitimating cover for his seizure of power, in which the newly-installed Yang You served as his puppet emperor. In 626 during the Xuanwu Gate Incident, Prince Li Shimin of Tang led his armed men in a coup for the throne. During the course of the coup, he succeeded in killing his rival brothers, Crown Prince Li Jiancheng and Prince Li Yuanji. Within three days, Emperor Gaozu created Li Shimin as his heir. On the ninth day of the eight month, Emperor Gaozu abdicated in favor for his son Li Shimin. He remained as Taishang Huang until his death in 635. He would only appear for ceremonial functions at court. In 712, Emperor Ruizong of the Tang dynasty retired in favor for his son who became Emperor Xuanzong. In 756, during the An Lushan Rebellion, Emperor Xuanzong went into retirement while he was in Shu. His son, who was leading a military campaign in the northeast of Gansu at the time, would ascend the throne as Emperor Suzong.
Modern usage
In modern Chinese history after 1949, Deng Xiaoping has been called Taishang Huang in a pejorative context because he wielded much of his power without assuming the titles normally taken on by China's paramount leader, and because he belonged to Mao Zedong's generation of leaders but wielded influence over leaders who were a generation below him. The term has also been applied to other Communist Party senior officials without formal titles who were seen as meddling in the affairs of their successors, such as Chen Yun and Jiang Zemin.List of ''Taishang Huang''s
Instances of Chinese rulers who were granted the title Taishang Huang and/or Taishang Huangdi:; Early eras
- King Zhuangxiang of Qin. He was posthumously honored by his son, Qin Shi Huang.
- Liu Taigong, the father of Emperor Gao, the founder of the Han dynasty.
- Emperor Hui of the Jin dynasty
- Lü Guang of Later Liang
- Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei
- Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi
- Gao Wei of Northern Qi
- Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou
- Emperor Yang of the Sui dynasty, who was proclaimed Taishang Huang while his grandson, Yang You, was nominally the emperor. He never personally accepted the title. He was the only Taishang Huang who was the grandfather – not the father – of the reigning emperor.
- Emperor Gaozu who was forced to abdicate in 626 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 635.
- Wu Zetian. The only person in Chinese history to have been both Empress Dowager and Taishang Huang. She was buried in accordance to her wishes as an Empress Dowager and Empress Consort to Emperor Gaozong.
- Emperor Ruizong, who abdicated in 712 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 716.
- Emperor Xuanzong, who was forced to abdicate in 756 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 762.
- Emperor Shunzong, who abdicated in 805 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 806, said to be assassinated by eunuchs.
- Emperor Zhaozong, who abdicated in 900 and was made Taishang Huang until his restoration in 901.
- An Lushan, who was assassinated in 757 by his son and successor An Qingxu, who claimed him to be severely ill and willing to abdicate, honored him Taishang Huang as if he was actually living.
- Zhuo, who was honored Taishang Huang by his son Zhuo Yanming who was claimed emperor in April 945. In July both Zhuos were killed.
- Emperor Huizong, who abdicated in 1126 and was taken into the Jin Dynasty in 1127, died in 1135.
- Emperor Gaozong, who abdicated in 1162 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 1187.
- Emperor Xiaozong, who abdicated in 1189 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 1194.
- Emperor Guangzong, who was forced to abdicate in 1194 and was made Taishang Huang until his death in 1200.
- Yelü Zhilugu of Western Liao, who was made Taishang Huang by his son-in-law Kuchlug after being overthrown by the latter
- Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia
- Emperor Yingzong of Ming of the Ming dynasty was a Taishang Huang from his capture by the Mongols in 1449 until his return to the throne in 1457. He was the only Taishang Huang who was a brother of the reigning emperor.
- The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty, who nominally abdicated and made himself Taishang Huang in 1796 but held on to power until his death in 1799.