TOPS


Total Operations Processing System is a computer system for managing the locomotives and rolling stock owned by or operated on a rail system. It was originally developed by the Southern Pacific Railroad, the Stanford University and IBM and was introduced on the railroad in 1968; despite being widely sold to the United States railroads, the system found greater success in the United Kingdom, where it has been used by British Rail and its successors.
Southern Pacific itself developed a newer system called the Terminal Information Processing System, which replaced TOPS in 1980.

Early development

The Southern Pacific Railroad was an early adopter of technology. In the early 1960s, it developed a computer system called "Total Operations Processing System". The purpose was to take all the paperwork associated with a locomotive or rolling stock - its maintenance history, its allocation to division and depot and duty, its status, its location, and much more - and keep it in computer form, constantly updated by terminals at every maintenance facility. On paper, this information was difficult to keep track of, difficult to keep up to date, and difficult to query, requiring many telephone calls. Computerizing this information enabled a railroad to keep better track of its assets, and to use them better.
In order to offset the development costs of the system, Southern Pacific sold it to other railroads. A number of American railroads took to the system, as did many others around the world.

Adoption by British Rail

In the mid to late 1960s, British Rail was searching around for ways to increase efficiency, and came across the TOPS system in a 1968 presentation by E. Wrathall, an IBM US Transportation Industry Representative, who, shortly after, formed IBM World Trade Corp's Transportation Industry Centre in Brussels. They purchased the system and implemented it, assisted by Southern Pacific data processing experts. At the time, the British Government operated a 'Buy British' policy for the nationalised industries, and the purchase of an IBM System/360 mainframe to operate TOPS had to be approved by the Cabinet of Prime Minister Edward Heath.
The adoption of the TOPS system made for some changes in the way the railway system in Britain worked. Hitherto, locomotives were numbered in three different series. Steam locomotives carried unadorned numbers up to five digits long. Diesel locomotives carried one to four-digit numbers prefixed with a letter 'D', and electric locomotives with a letter 'E'. Thus, up to three locomotives could carry the same number. TOPS could not handle this, and it also required similar locomotives to be numbered in a consecutive series in terms of classification, in order that they might be treated together as a group.

TOPS numbering under British Rail

Sequentiality was all that was required, but with the requirement to renumber, it was decided to adopt a logical system for classification, and the five- or six-digit TOPS number was divided into two parts. No class of locomotive or multiple unit numbered over 1000 examples, so the last three digits were used for the individual number between 001 and 999 in that class. The first two or three digits were used to denote the class of locomotive or multiple unit. The numbers were often written in two space separated groups, such as "47 401" to highlight that division, but the TOPS system actually stored and displayed them without the space: "47401". Sub-classifications were indicated in the TOPS system with a slash and a subclass number, e.g. "47/4". It was convention, though not enforced within the TOPS system, that subclass numbers were boundaries in the locomotive numbering system, such that class "47/4" started with number "47 401". If there were more than 99 numbers in a subclass, the number series extended to the next value of the third digit; thus, since there were more than 200 locomotives in class "47/4", subclasses "47/5" and "47/6" did not exist, and the next valid subclass by convention was "47/7" starting with "47 701". However, in some cases, the sequences do not match, e.g. 158/0 numbers start at 158 701.
Locomotives are assigned classes 01–98: diesel locomotives 01–79, AC electric locomotives 80–96, departmental locos 97, and steam locomotives 98. DC electric locomotives were originally allocated classes 70–79 but this was modified in 2011 ; the sole relic of this is Class 73 which continues unrenumbered, probably because it can be considered equally a diesel locomotive as it is a DC electric. One oddity was the inclusion of British Rail's shipping fleet in the system as Class 99. Diesel multiple units with mechanical or hydraulic transmission are classified 100–199, with electric transmission 200–299. Electric multiple units are given the subsequent classes; 300–399 are overhead AC units, while Southern Region DC third rail EMUs are 400–499, other DC EMUs 500–599. More recently, new electric multiple units from the Siemens Desiro family have been given the 700 series and new units from the Hitachi A-train family have been given the 800 series. Selected numbers in the 900 series have been used for departmental multiple units, mostly converted from former passenger units.
Coaching stock and individual multiple unit cars are allocated five-digit numbers; since the early 1980s, it has been forbidden for them to have the same numbers as locomotives, but before then duplication was possible because they carried a prefix letter, which was considered part of the number. More recent EMU deliveries have six-figure coach numbers.

Recent history

TOPS has become outdated in recent decades. It is a text-terminal, mainframe-driven system; which is regarded as not very user-friendly, and hard to use compared with contemporary computer user-interfaces. In addition, it is written in its own programming language, TOPSTRAN, and it is increasingly hard to find and train developers to maintain it. The division of British Rail and privatisation has also hurt TOPS, because it was not designed for that purpose; some freight operating companies do not keep information as up to date as they should.
Attempts have been made to 'skin' the system with a more user-friendly interface, called TOPS 2000; in addition, there are other parallel systems now, such as TRUST, Genius and the Mobile Consisting Application, but none has yet fully supplanted the TOPS system.

Sample output

This is a typical report that a TOPS clerk could generate. The train in question is a 25 wagon freight train travelling from Over & Wharton, near Winsford, to Reading West Junction, Berkshire.

K383400 0010 2837 22/10/86 U483 ON N199 BY KO
TRAIN ENQUIRY RESPONSE FOR 377Z380 22 TFA - 9KJ
ACTUAL TRAIN ID 377Z380 22 BOOKED 7Z380
DEP OVER&WHAR 1520 22 2 HRS 20 MINS LATE FOR REASON L CAT B SECTOR 5
LOCO 25901
LOCO 25908
 25 LDS 0 MTYS 886 TONNES 799 T/FT 418 POTENTIAL VAC BRAKE FORCE
STATION CONSIST ARR DEP LDS MTYS SCHEDULE
37015 OVER&WHAR 1520 025 000 71212
65700 BESCOTYD NRP 1707 EST 1709 EST 025 000
74260 READINGWJ DETAIL 2007 EST 025 000
END