The Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea has been the highest court of Papua New Guinea since 16 September 1975, replacing the pre-Independence Supreme Court and the overseas appellate tribunals from 1902 to 1975 of the High Court of Australia and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Judges of the pre-Independence Supreme Court automatically became the justices of the National Court and accordingly among the pool of judges available to be empanelled as a Supreme Court bench.
Establishment and composition
The Supreme Court was established as a superiorcourt of record under Papua New Guinea's Constitution. The Chief Justice of Papua New Guinea, Deputy Chief Justice and the judges of the National Court comprise the Court. Not separately constituted, the Supreme Court is an appellate committee or "full court" of the National Court, which is the superior-level trial court. Judges of the National Court form panels of the Supreme Court on an ad hoc basis to hear appeals from the National Court, appeals from assorted administrative tribunals, and to hear references in the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction.
The Supreme Court has a special responsibility for developing the underlying law, i.e. the common law of Papua New Guinea, having resort to those rules of local custom in various regions of the country which may be taken to be common to the whole country. The responsibility has been given additional express warrant in the which purports to mandate greater attention by the courts to custom and the development of customary law as an important component of the underlying law. In practice the courts have found great difficulty in applying the vastly differing custom of the many traditional societies of the country in a modern legal system and the development of the customary law according to indigenous Melanesian conceptions of justice and equity has been less thorough than may have been anticipated in 1975; the Underlying Law Act does not yet appear to have had significant effect. An ardent proponent of the underlying law, David Gonol in his book titled The Underlying Law of Papua New Guinea: An inquiry into adoption and application of customary law expounded at length on these issues. Further, in the 2017 Third National Underlying Law Conference, many notable speakers expressed similar sentiments that the underlying law is not being developed at sufficient pace.
Hierarchy of precedent
The hierarchy of case law precedent is that while the Supreme Court has authority to overrule any case authority, its own decisions are binding on the lower courts as are the decisions of the English superior courts prior to Papua New Guinea's independence, which are deemed to be part of Papua New Guinea's underlying law. Decisions of the pre-Independence Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea are deemed to be foreign law, equivalent in authority to decisions by any foreign court with a similar legal system, and of persuasive value only. The principle of the mere persuasiveness of overseas authority vis-à-vis the binding authority of pre-1975 English authority has been applied many times in, for example, Toglai Apa and Bomai Siune v The State PNGLR 43 that it is bound to follow the English case of Rookes v Barnard AC 1129 on the ineligibility of plaintiffs to an award of exemplary damages against ministers of the state or public servants other than in strictly limited circumstances, notwithstanding its having been decisively overruled by both the High Court of Australia and the Supreme Court of Canada. Appeals from the Supreme Court to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council were abolished by Ireland in 1933, Canada in 1949, India in 1950, Guyana in 1970, Sri Lanka in 1972, Australia federally in 1968, and from Australian States in 1975. They accordingly did not exist from the High Court of Australia when Papua New Guinea was granted independence, and consideration of appeals to London from Papua New Guinea did not arise. Canadian appeals to the Privy Council were often heard by an Australian judge and vice versa; admirable cases decided in the other country are occasionally followed as are parliamentary statutes adopted even yet though seldom expressly acknowledged.
Chief Justice
The Chief Justice of Papua New Guinea, appointed under Papua New Guinea's Constitution by the Head of State, presides over the Supreme Court and the National Court. The independence of the Bench was tested in 1979 during the Rooney Affair, whose outcome was the resignation of Sir William Prentice, the second Chief Justice of Papua New Guinea together with three other expatriate judges. Sir Buri Kidu then became the first national Chief Justice. At the end of his ten-year term, Kidu was succeeded by Sir Arnold Amet. Amet was succeeded by Sir Mari Kapi, who served as Chief Justice from August 16, 2003 until his resignation in 2008 for health reasons. Kapi was succeeded the same year by Sir Salamo Injia. In 2018 Sir Gibbs Salika succeeded Injia in becoming the fifth national Chief Justice of Papua New Guinea.
Judges
the following judges, in order of seniority, comprise the Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea: *
