A supersynchronous orbit is either an orbit with a periodgreater than that of a synchronous orbit, or just an orbit whose apoapsis is higher than that of a synchronous orbit. A synchronous orbit has a period equal to the rotational period of the body which contains the barycenter of the orbit.
One particular supersynchronous orbital regime of significant economic value to Earth commerce is a band of near-circular Geocentric orbits beyond the Geosynchronous belt—with perigee altitude above, approximately above synchronous altitude —called the geo graveyard belt. The geo graveyard belt orbital regime is valuable as a storage and disposal location for :Category:Derelict satellites orbiting Earth|derelict satellite space debris after their useful economic life is completed as geosynchronous communication satellites. Artificial satellites are left in space because the economic cost of removing the debris would be high, and current public policy does not require nor incentivize rapid removal by the party that first inserted the debris in outer space and thus created a negative externality for others—a placing of the cost onto them. One public policy proposal to deal with growing space debris is a "one-up/one-down" launch license policy for Earth orbits. Launch vehicle operators would have to pay the cost of debris mitigation. They would need to build the capability into their launch vehicle-robotic capture, navigation, mission duration extension, and substantial additional propellant – to be able to rendezvous with, capture and deorbit an existing derelict satellite from approximately the same orbital plane. An additional common use of supersynchronous orbits are for the launch and transfer orbit trajectory of new commsats intended for geosynchronous orbits. The placement into a supersynchronous transfer orbit enables an inclinationplane change with a lower subsequent expenditure of propellant by the satellite's kick motor. In this approach, the launch vehicle places the satellite into a supersynchronousellipticalGeostationary transfer orbit, an orbit with a somewhat larger apogee than the more typical Geostationary transfer orbit typically utilized for communication satellites. This technique was used, for example, on the launch and transfer orbit injection of the first two SpaceX Falcon 9 v1.1 GTO launches in December 2013 and January 2014, SES-8 and Thaicom 6, respectively. In both cases, the satellite owner uses the propulsion built into the satellite to reduce the apogee and circularize the orbit to a geostationary orbit. This has also been a common practice by ULA. Examples include the large constellation of WGS communications satellites as well as many others ULA has launched. In simple terms, a small change in inclination requires much more energy than a small change in apogee. It is also most efficient to change inclination at the maximum altitude, or apogee, of the orbit. You can think of the major axis of an orbit like a lever arm that is employed to move the inclination. Thus, in the right circumstances, it can take less fuel to lift to a higher than desired apogee, then change inclination, and finally lower the apogee to the final, desired altitude. This technique was also used on the launch of SES-14 and Al Yah 3 during Ariane 5 flight VA241. However, due to launch crew error resulting in anomaly and a deviation of the trajectory, the satellites were not inserted into the intended orbit, causing a reschedule of their maneuvering plan.
Non-Geocentric supersynchronous orbits
Most natural satellites in the Solar System are in supersynchronous orbits. The Moon is in a supersynchronous orbit of Earth, orbiting more slowly than the 24-hour rotational period of Earth. The inner of the two Martian moons, Phobos, is in a subsynchronous orbit of Mars with an orbital period of only 0.32 days. The outer moon Deimos is in supersynchronous orbit around Mars. The Mars Orbiter Mission—currently orbiting Mars—is placed into highly elliptical supersynchronous orbit around Mars, with a period of 76.7 hours and a planned periapsis of and apoapsis of.
