The SPS was designed by a team led by John Adams, director-general of what was then known as Laboratory II. Originally specified as a 300GeV accelerator, the SPS was actually built to be capable of 400 GeV, an operating energy it achieved on the official commissioning date of 17 June 1976. However, by that time, this energy had been exceeded by Fermilab, which reached an energy of 500 GeV on 14 May of that year. . The SPS has been used to accelerate protons and antiprotons, electrons and positrons, and heavy ions. From 1981 to 1991, the SPS operated as a hadron collider, when its beams provided the data for the UA1 and UA2 experiments, which resulted in the discovery of the W and Z bosons. These discoveries and a new technique for cooling particles led to a Nobel Prize for Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer in 1984. From 2006 to 2012, the SPS was used by the CNGS experiment to produce a neutrinostream to be detected at the Gran Sasso laboratory in Italy, 730 km from CERN.
Current operations
The SPS is now used as the final injector for high-intensity proton beams for the Large Hadron Collider, which began preliminary operation on 10 September 2008, for which it accelerates protons from 26 GeV to 450 GeV. The LHC itself then accelerates them to several teraelectronvolts. Operation as injector still allows continuation of the ongoing fixed-targetresearch program, where the SPS is used to provide 400 GeV proton beams for a number of active fixed-target experiments, notably COMPASS, NA61/SHINE and NA62. The SPS has served, and continues to be used as a test bench for new concepts in accelerator physics. In 1999 it served as an observatory for the electron cloud phenomenon. In 2003, SPS was the first machine where the Hamiltonian resonance driving terms were directly measured. And in 2004, experiments to cancel the detrimental effects of beam encounters were carried out. The SPS RF cavities operate at a center frequency of 200.2 MHz.
Major discoveries
Major scientific discoveries made by experiments that operated at the SPS include the following.
The Large Hadron Collider will require an upgrade to considerably increase its luminosity during the 2020s. This would require upgrades to the entire linac/pre-injector/injector chain, including the SPS. As part of this, the SPS will need to be able to handle a much higher intensity beam. One improvement considered in the past was increasing the extraction energy to 1 TeV. However, the extraction energy will be kept at 450 GeV while other systems are upgraded. The acceleration system will be modified to handle the higher voltages needed to accelerate a higher intensity beam. The beam dumping system will also be upgraded so it can accept a higher intensity beam without sustaining significant damage.
