Stirling-Panhard
Stirling-Panhard was a type of auto-mobile manufactured from 1898. It was fundamentally a French Clément-Panhard that was exported to Great Britain and sold by the Scottish coachbuilder 'Stirling'. Some were badged Stirling-Panhard and others as Clément-Stirling.
Adolphe Clément was a director of Panhard-Levassor, and when the factory could not meet the production requirements for circa 500 units of the 1898 'voiture légère' model, he undertook manufacture under licence at his factory in Levallois-Perret. It was designed by airship pioneer Commandant Arthur Krebs, of Panhard, and used a tubular chassis, centre-pivot steering, near-horizontal rear-mounted engine with automatic inlet valve and hot-tube ignition, driving through a constant-mesh gear-train, and final drive by side chains and early models had no reverse gear.
