Stapleton Crutchfield junior was born in Spotsylvania County, Virginia on June 21, 1835. He attended the Virginia Military Institute, where Thomas J. Jackson was one of his teachers, graduating in 1855. Crutchfield stayed on as an instructor of mathematics and tactics and served as interim superintendent of the VMI in early 1861.
Civil War
After the outbreak of war, Crutchfield served as major in the 9th and 58th Virginia Infantry Regiments, eventually being promoted to lieutenant colonel. He was elected to become colonel of the 16th Virginia Infantry in early 1862, but declined the position due to health reasons. Instead, Crutchfield served as Stonewall Jackson’s chief of artillery in the Valley Campaign, beginning on April 21, 1862. On May 23, he hurried guns to the front in the Battle of Front Royal, but they were able to do little with the available ordnance. Crutchfield saw service at the First Battle of Winchester on May 25, 1862, including carrying orders to Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell. He was captured briefly at the Battle of Cross Keys together with Lt. Edward Willis, his assistant, on June 8. Lt. Col. Crutchfield was back on duty the next day at the Battle of Port Republic, directing the guns, having escaped during a melee between his captors and troops from the 37th Virginia Infantry. Crutchfield participated in the Seven Days Battles with Jackson's command. His artillery was at the head of Jackson’s column at the Battle of White Oak Swamp. The fire of his guns drove off federal gunners, permitting the Confederate infantry to cross the swamp, briefly. Union reinforcements, however, forced the Confederates to withdraw. Crutchfield was promoted to the rank of colonel on May 5, 1862. He served under Jackson at the Battle of Cedar Mountain, the Second Battle of Bull Run, the Battle of Antietam and the Battle of Fredericksburg. Crutchfield commanded the artillery reserve of Jackson’s corps at the Battle of Chancellorsville. He was wounded on May 2, 1863 when he brought up guns to fire on the Union batteries at Hazel Grove, losing a leg as a result. He was in an ambulance when Jackson, wounded by his own men, was placed in it too. At one point Jackson had the ambulance halted to ease his companion’s pain. After recovering from his wound, Col. Crutchfield served as an artillery inspector for coastal defenses beginning on March 16, 1864. Then he was assigned to command artillery units in the defenses of Richmond, Virginia, including the Chaffin's BluffDefense Line. When the city was abandoned by the southern army, his gunners became an infantry brigade in the division of Maj. Gen. George Washington Custis Lee. In that role he lost his life at the Battle of Sayler's Creek on April 6, 1865, being shot in the head while leading an attack on the Union VI Corps. Opinions of Crutchfield varied. Edward Porter Alexander thought him a candidate for promotion to brigadier general before the leg was lost, but Campbell Brown thought him "competent but lazy". A recent writer has opined that Jackson tolerated Crutchfield's tendency to sleep late because of his abilities.
