The first mention of the Pfarrkirche St.-Marien dates to 1187. Originally a wooden church in the Diocese of Brandenburg, in 1280 the present chancel and the chancel's south aisle were built. Between 1412 and 1439 the nave was replaced by the present three-aisle structure and the two towers built, originally crowned by stone pyramids. The first Protestant service was held here by Luther at Christmas 1521. In 1522, in the wake of the iconoclasm begun by Andreas Bodenstein, almost the whole interior decoration was demolished and removed, leaving the still-surviving High MedievalJudensau on the exterior of the south wall. On his return to Wittenberg from the Wartburg, Luther preached his famous invocavit sermons in the Stadtkirche. Luther married Katharina von Bora here in 1526, the service being conducted by his colleague and friend, Johannes Bugenhagen. In 1547, during the Schmalkaldic War, the towers' stone pyramids were removed to make platforms for cannon. Despite the war, an altarpiece by Lucas Cranach the Elder was unveiled in the church. In 1556 the platforms were replaced by the surviving octagonal caps, a clock and a clock-keeper's dwelling. This was followed by an extension of the east end and the overlying 'Ordinandenstube'. In 1811 the interior of the church was redesigned to a Neo-Gothic scheme by Carlo Ignazio Pozzi. The church was again restored in 1928 and also 1980-1983.
Altarpiece
The church contains a masterly altarpiece by Lucas Cranach the Younger. Cranach lived in Wittenberg for most of his life, for this reason, many rich patrons chose to have a memorial painting by Cranach, rather than a gravestone. These encircle the altarpiece.
Tombs of Interest
Johannes Bugenhagen
Memorial painting to Sara Cracow, daughter of Bugenhagen, by Cranach
Lucas Cranach the Younger
Paul Eber memorial by Cranach
Memorial to Melchior Fend "Jesus in the Temple" by Peter Spitzer and Cranach
Memorial to Franziskus Oldehorst by Cranach and Peter Spitzer
Memorial painting of Caspar Niemeck by Cranach
Memorial painting to Samuel Selfisch
Memorial painting to Nikolaus von Seidlitz "Christ risen from his Tomb" by Augustin Cranach
Organ
The organ of the town church was built in 1983 by the organ builder Sauer. Parts of the previous organs were used. The large mid-section of the prospectus was taken from the organ of 1811, and some of the organ's registers of 1928 were also reused. The instrument has 53 registers on three manuals and a pedal.
General superintendents and superintendents
From 1533 to 1817 the Stadtkirche's pastor was also general superintendent of the SaxonElectoral Circle and thus granted to the top theological lecturer at the University of Wittenberg.
In 1817 the Congress of Vienna merged the University of Wittenberg with the University of Halle and the post of general superintendent became one of superintendent, still tied to the pastorate of the Stadtkirche :
Since 1999 the post of superintendent has not been tied to any pastorate, so the next superintendent of the Wittenberg church-circle will not ex officio be pastor of the Stadtkirche.
Judensau
The facade of the church has a Judensau from 1305. It portrays a rabbi who looks under the sow's tail, and other Jews drinking from its teats. An inscription reads "Rabini Shem hamphoras," gibberish which presumably bastardizes "shem ha-meforasch". The sculpture is one of the last remaining examples in Germany of "medieval Jew baiting." In 1988, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Kristallnacht, debate sprung up about the monument, which resulted in the addition of a sculpture recognizing that during the Holocaust six million Jews were murdered "under the sign of the cross". In Vom Schem Hamphoras, Luther comments on the Judensau sculpture at Wittenberg, echoing the antisemitism of the image and locating the Talmud in the sow's bowels:
