Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance
The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, or Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance for short, is the treaty of alliance concluded between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on February 14, 1950. It was based to a considerable extent on the 1945 prior Treaty of the same name that had been arranged between the Soviet Union and the Nationalist Government of China and it was the product of extended negotiations between Liu Shaoqi and Joseph Stalin. By its terms the USSR recognized the People's Republic of China and recalled recognition of the Republic of China.
Mao travelled to the USSR in order to sign the Treaty after its details had been concluded, one of only two times he travelled outside China in his life. The Treaty dealt with a range of issues such as Soviet privileges in Xinjiang and Manchuria. Specifically the Chinese Eastern Railway and the ports of Dalian and Lushun were to be returned to China. One of its most important points was the provision of a $300 million loan from the USSR to the PRC, which had suffered economically and logistically from over a decade of intense warfare. The treaty did not prevent relations between Beijing and Moscow from drastic deterioration in the late 1950s – early 1960s, at the time of the Sino-Soviet split.
After expiration of the treaty in 1979 Deng Xiaoping wanted China not to negotiate with the Soviets unless they agreed to China's demands. Among them were demands that the Soviets withdraw from Afghanistan, remove their troops from Mongolia and the Sino-Soviet border, and cease support of the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia. Expiration of the treaty allowed China to attack Vietnam, a Soviet ally, in the Third Indochina War as a response to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia, as the treaty had prevented China from attacking Soviet allies.
