Shippeitaro
Shippeitaro or Shippei Taro is the name of a helper dog in the Japanese fairy tale by the same name.
Translations include "Schippeitaro" in Andrew Lang's Violet Fairy Book, taken from a German copy, and Mrs. James's "Schippeitaro", which share the same plotline: The mountain spirit and its minions demand a yearly human sacrifice of a maiden from the local village. A young warrior overhears the spirits hinting that their would-be bane was "Shippeitaro", which turns out to be a dog. This dog is substituted for the maiden to be place inside the sacrificial container, and when the spirits arrive, the warrior and dog attack the cats and vanquish them.
The evil spirits appear as monkeys in most instances of the tale, as in the version of "Shippei Taro" given in Keigo Seki's anthology. In fact, this folktale is classified as "Destroying the Monkey Demon" tale type by Japanese folklorists.
In variants, the dog may have Suppeitarō, Suppetarō or a variety of other names, for example, "Hayatarō of temple in Shinano". The dog may not be given any name at all.
Monkey God tales preserved in the medieval anthologies Konjaku Monogatarishū and Uji Shūi Monogatari have been suggested as being the original sources of the orally disseminated versions.
Translations
The version of "Schippeitaro" in Andrew Lang's The Violet Fairy Book was taken from Japanische Märchen und Sagen collected by Professor .The story of "Schippeitaro" as told by Mrs. T. H. James, was number 17 in the "Japanese Fairy Tale Series" printed by Hasegawa Takejirō, who issued many such chirimen-bon or "crepe-paper books". Mrs. James's version follows a storyline identical to Lang's version.
Synopsis
Below is the summary of the Lang/Mrs. James version:A young warrior wandered the land in search of adventure, eventually finding an enchanted forest, wherein he slept in a shrine. He was awoken at midnight by ferocious yowls from cats, who were dancing and yelling, some saying, "Do not tell Shippeitaro!" He got up and continued on, eventually finding a village where he heard a female voice lamenting and pleading for help. He was told that every year they had to sacrifice a maiden to the spirit of the mountain, and it was this girl's turn this year. She was put in a cage which, in turn, was placed in the shrine. He inquired about Shippeitaro: a dog of the prince's overseer, living nearby. The warrior visited the overseer and persuaded him to lend him the dog. He went to the cage, replacing the maiden with Shippeitaro. The cage was brought to the shrine, and the cats came. A huge black cat opened the cage, and Shippeitaro jumped out and killed it. Then, with the help of the warrior, killed several others before they fled. The warrior brought Shippeitaro back to his owner in the morning, and every year a feast was held in honor of the warrior and Shippeitaro.
Variants
The Lang/Mrs. James version which features cats as the antagonists is actually atypical. In most Shippeitaro tales, the malevolent spirits appear as monkeys.An example of "Shippei Taro" published in Keigo Seki, Robert J. Adams, Folktales of Japan had been collected in Monou District, Miyagi. The priest in the story defeated the ogres by replacing the sacrificial maiden inside the chest with the dog Shippei Taro, found in the distant city of Nagahama, Ōmi Province.
Seki himself collected a number of variant tales from the field. When Seki published Nihon mukashibanashi taisei, his provisional count reached 67 examples. This tally was inclusive, even counting tales where the dog helper did not appear at all.
The dog may or may not have a name at all. And the name is not entirely consistent. The dog's name may be only a slight variant of Shippeitaro, such as or altogether different. The dog may be Shippeitarō/Suppetarō from Ōmi or Tanba or some other province. In several examples, the dog appears as Hayatarō or Heibōtarō of temple in Shinano Province.
According to one scholar the name Shippeitarō tends to occur near Tōtomi Province, while Hayatarō is concentrated in Shinano Province. It has been observed that in Shinano dialect, haibō denoted "wolf cub", which probably gave rise to the name Heibōtarō, and Hayatarō may well be a further corruption of this.
The evil spirits may be in the form of monkey, cat, rat, badger or "raccoon dog".
Old printed book
There is also a kibyōshi type printed book from the Edo Period, the Zōho Shippeitarō meaning the "expanded version" that was written by Nansenshō Somahito with illustrations by ukiyo-e artist Toyokuni. This book illustrates spirits of the monkey, fox, kappa, tanuki, hare, and wolf kind devouring the human sacrifice, and in the culminating scene depicts Shippeitarō defeating wolves.Precursor
In the medieval anthology Konjaku Monogatarishū occurs a similar story of a sacrifice-demanding monkey god, entitled "How in Mimasaka Province a God was Trapped by a Hunter and Living Sacrifice Stopped". The Shippeitaro tales have been considered orally transmitted versions of this medieval prototype.English translations of this medieval version is found in S. W. Jones's Ages Ago: Thirty-Seven Tales from the Konjaku Monogatari Collection, and Michelle Osterfeld Li's study Ambiguous Bodies.
A similar tale is also included in another medieval anthology, the Uji Shūi Monogatari.
Tale type
In Japanese folklore studies, the "Shippeitarō" story is classed under the tale type, categorized as Type 91 by Seki in his paper written in English. This general tale group is more broad, and includes tales where a dog is not involved at all. The tale group is assigned Seki No. 256 in Japanese scholarship.Since the story concludes with the heroes abolishing the practice of offering maidens as human sacrifice, it draws a parallel to the legend of Saint George and the Dragon, and there are certain similarities also to the story of Susanoo saving Kushinadahime from the great serpent Yamata no Orochi.
In the Aarne–Thompson classification, the tale is classed as "The Dragon Slayer" type, AT300.