A shin splint is pain along the inside edge of the shinbone due to inflammation of tissue in the area. Generally this is between the middle of the lower leg to the ankle. The pain may be dull or sharp and is generally brought on by exercise. It generally resolves during periods of rest. Complications may include stress fractures. Shin splints typically occur due to excessive physical activity. Groups that are commonly affected include runners, dancers, and military personnel. The underlying mechanism is not entirely clear. Diagnosis is generally based on the symptoms, with medical imaging done to rule out other possible causes. Shin splints are generally treated by rest followed by a gradual return to exercise. Other measures such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cold packs, physical therapy, and compression may be used. Shoe insoles may help some people. Surgery is rarely required, but may be done if other measures are not effective. Rates of shin splints in at-risk groups range from 4 to 35%. It occurs more often in women. It was first described in 1958.
Signs and symptoms
Shin splint pain is described as a recurring dull ache, sometimes becoming an intense pain, along the inner part of the lower two-thirds of the tibia. The pain increases during exercise, and some individuals experience swelling in the pain area. In contrast, stress fracture pain is localized to the fracture site. Women are several times more likely to progress to stress fractures from shin splints. This is due in part to women having a higher incidence of diminished bone density and osteoporosis.
Causes
Shin splints typically occur due to excessive physical activity. Groups that are commonly affected include runners, dancers, and military personnel. Risk factors for developing shin splints include:
Engaging the medial shin muscle in excessive amounts of eccentric muscle activity
Undertaking high-impact exercises on hard, noncompliant surfaces
People who have previously had shin splints are more likely to have it again.
Pathophysiology
While the exact mechanism is unknown, shin splints can be attributed to the overloading of the lower leg due to biomechanical irregularities resulting in an increase in stress exerted on the tibia. A sudden increase in intensity or frequency in activity level fatigues muscles too quickly to properly help shock absorption, forcing the tibia to absorb most of the impact. This stress is associated with the onset of shin splints. Muscle imbalance, including weak core muscles, inflexibility and tightness of lower leg muscles, including the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantar muscles can increase the possibility of shin splints. The pain associated with shin splints is caused from a disruption of Sharpey's fibres that connect the medial soleus fascia through the periosteum of the tibia where it inserts into the bone. With repetitive stress, the impact forces eccentrically fatigue the soleus and create repeated tibial bending or bowing, contributing to shin splints. The impact is made worse by running uphill, downhill, on uneven terrain, or on hard surfaces. Improper footwear, including worn-out shoes, can also contribute to shin splints.
Diagnosis
Shin splints are generally diagnosed from a history and physical examination. The important factors on history are the location of pain, what triggers the pain, and the absence of cramping or numbness. On physical examination, gentle pressure over the tibia will recreate the type of pain experienced. Generally more than a 5 cm length of tibia is involved. Swelling, redness, or poor pulses in addition to the symptoms of shin splints indicate a different underlying cause.
Treatments include rest, ice and gradually returning to activity. Rest and ice work to allow the tibia to recover from sudden, high levels of stress and reduce inflammation and pain levels. It is important to significantly reduce any pain or swelling before returning to activity. Strengthening exercises should be performed after pain has subsided, on calves, quadriceps and gluteals. Cross training is recommended in order to maintain aerobic fitness. Individuals should gradually return to activity, beginning with a short and low intensity level. Over multiple weeks, they can slowly work up to normal activity level. It is important to decrease activity level if any pain returns. Individuals should consider running on other surfaces besides asphalt, such as grass, to decrease the amount of force the lower leg must absorb. Orthoses and insoles help to offset biomechanical irregularities, like pronation, and help to support the arch of the foot. Other conservative interventions include footwear refitting, orthotics, manual therapy, balance training, cortisone injections, and calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Less common forms of treatment for more severe cases of shin splints include extracorporeal shockwave therapy and surgery. Surgery is only performed in extreme cases where more conservative options have been tried for at least a year. However, surgery does not guarantee 100% recovery.
Epidemiology
Rates of shin splints in at risk groups are 4 to 35%. Women are affected more often than men.
