Seligman Baer Bamberger was a Talmudist and a leader of Orthodox Judaism in Germany. Between 1840 and his death he served as rabbi of Würzburg, and is therefore often referred to by his position as the Würzburger Rav.
Life
He commenced his yeshiva studies in Fürth at the age of fifteen, under Rabbis Wolf Hamburger and Judah Leib Halberstadt. Five years later he received semicha, but did not enter the rabbinate because a university degree was required for that in 19th-century Germany. He opened a general business store in Kitzingen. The store was not successful. He married two years later, to the daughter of Rabbi Seckel Wormser of Fulda. In 1838 he represented the Orthodox camp at a conference instigated by the Bavarian government at which several Reform-minded notables had hoped to bring about changes in the organisation of the Jewish communities. As a result of his success at this conference he was invited to succeed Abraham Bing as rabbi of Würzburg. In Würzburg he rapidly opened a yeshiva. In 1855 he opened an elementary school, the first of its kind in Germany. In 1864, after a two-year preparation, he also opened a seminary specifically for the training of teachers of Jewish subjects, of which there was a shortage in Germany. This yeshiva was called Bais Medrash L'Morim or in German Israelitische-Lehrer-Bildungs-Anstalt often referred to by its initials I.L.B.A.
Works
Bamberger was one of the last rabbinical writers in Germany. His first work was Melecheth Shamayim on the laws pertaining to Torah scrolls, tefillin and mezuzot. A work first published in 1858 titled Amirah le-Beth Ya'akov deals with the three areas of practical Jewish law pertaining specifically to women: niddah, challah and the lighting of candles on the night of the Shabbat. Originally published in his native German, subsequent publications have been made in multiple languages. The original Hebrew translation was produced by Rabbi Simcha Bamberger. An English translation was produced by Rabbi I. Nathan Bamberger. More than a dozen editions have been published to date. It has been widely translated and is still in use today. The famed Korban Mincha Siddur includes a copy of the Amirah le-Beth Ya'akov. Other great rabbinic luminaries such as Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach and Rabbi Tzvi Pesach Frank wrote additions to this work. Those additions have been included in the most recent editions of this work. Moreh la-Zovechim deals with the practical laws of shechita. Nachalath Devash deals primarily with the halizah ritual, and his work Yitzchak Yeranen is a commentary on Shaarei Simcha by Rabbi Yehuda ibn Gayat. This work in particular was a great breakthrough in the world of academia since it was the first time that this manuscript had been printed. Koreh be-Emeth addresses Torah exegesis where Talmud or Midrash use changes in letters to derive meanings from particular words. In 1850 he published a pamphlet outlining the attitude towards non-Jews in the Talmud. This was intended to inform a debate in the Bavarian parliament on civil rights for the Jews.
The ''Austrittsgesetz''
On 28 July 1876 the German parliament passed the Austrittsgesetz, which allowed Jews to secede from their religious community. Many Jewish communities had by that time been dominated by the Reform movement, with Orthodox members forming informal groups to represent their interests. Following the passing of the Austrittsgesetz, Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch of Frankfurt, who had campaigned for the law to be passed, declared that Orthodox Jews in Frankfurt had the duty to officially secede from the LiberalGrossgemeinde. Bamberger visited Frankfurt, and declared that this was not mandatory. A heated exchange of open letters followed between the rabbis. The conflict ultimately led to only a relatively small number of Orthodox Jews seceding from the main community, and until the Second World War there were two Orthodox communities in Frankfurt: one under the auspices of the Grossgemeinde and the other one being Hirsch's community Adath Yeshurun.
