The Magonista campaign in Baja California began with the Capture of Mexicali on January 29 of 1911. At Mexicali the rebels split their forces in two, half of which marched for Tijuana under GeneralCaryl ap Rhys Pryce. The ultimate goal of the rebel leadership was to capture Ensenada and create a socialist state. Unfortunately for the Magonista cause, their leader Ricardo Flores Magon spent all of his donated revenue on propaganda in Los Angeles instead of using it to supply and arm his rebels. Also, more than half of the Magonistas were Anglo-Americans though the political leaders were Mexicans. The appearance of so many white men in a Mexican rebel army dissuaded the local population of Baja California to support Magon's rebellion. Ultimately the Magonista's Second Division was not well armed, short on ammunition and reinforcements but also suffered from racial and anti-socialist problems. The First Division in Mexicali surrendered on June 17 to a peace commission authorized by Francisco I. Madero, the rebel ruler but not yetpresident of Mexico who had just recently defeated the Mexican government forces of President Porfirio Diaz. Thus the rebel troops of Madero were now members of the federal Mexican Army. At this time the Second Division was commanded by former United States Marine General John R. Mosby and consisted of 155 men, many were Industrial Workers of the World members recruited from California. Federal forces under Colonel Celso Vega included 360 infantry along with over 200 armed Mexican volunteers. They arrived at Ensenada by ship and joined Colonel Vega before marching north towards Tijuana. With the federal force was six machine guns and some artillery. Learning of the landing, John Mosby marched his men and met up with Vega's force just south of Tijuana on June 22, 1911.
Battle
Fighting lasted for three hours, after sighting Vega's men John R. Mosby ordered his division to take up defensive positions. This strategy was successful but eventually failed as the federals began using their machine-guns and artillery more effectively. The federals stayed out of close range until the end of the battle, meaning that the combat was a primarily long distance engagement until the last few minutes. General Mosby's force was outnumbered and was routed after a large federal assault on his flanks. The American Magonista's fled north to California and across the border where they were interned by United States Army soldiers. The Mexican Magonista's, which included some native Americans, slipped away into the surrounding countryside. In the battle only a few federal troops were wounded. The Magonistas suffered over thirty dead, most of whom were left on the battlefield when the Magonistas retreated.
Aftermath
The Ensenada Campaign ended with the second battle south of Tijuana, which also ended the rebellion. Ricardo Flores Magon was arrested in 1918 and imprisoned in Leavenworth Penitentiary, where he died in 1922 under mysterious circumstances. Today Magon is remembered as a hero in Mexico. Only occasional raids were conducted by Anglo Magonistas after this battle, all were launched from within California and ceased by 1915. In response to the rebel activity along the border, the Mexican government built Fort Tijuana, a large square walled structure built in the traditional fortress style.
