Schottky problem


In mathematics, the Schottky problem, named after Friedrich Schottky, is a classical question of algebraic geometry, asking for a characterisation of Jacobian varieties amongst abelian varieties.

Geometric formulation

More precisely, one should consider algebraic curves of a given genus, and their Jacobians. There is a moduli space of such curves, and a moduli space of abelian varieties,, of dimension, which are principally polarized. There is a morphism
which on points takes isomorphism class to. The content of Torelli's theorem is that is injective. The Schottky problem asks for a description of the image of, denoted.
The dimension of is, for, while the dimension of ' is g/2. This means that the dimensions are the same for g = 0, 1, 2, 3. Therefore is the first case where the dimensions change, and this was studied by F. Schottky in the 1880s. Schottky applied the theta constants, which are modular forms for the Siegel upper half-space, to define the Schottky locus in '. A more precise form of the question is to determine whether the image of essentially coincides with the Schottky locus.

Dimension 1 case

All elliptic curves are the Jacobian of themselves, hence the moduli stack of elliptic curves is a model for.

Dimensions 2 and 3

In the case of Abelian surfaces, there are two types of Abelian varieties: the Jacobian of a genus 2 curve, or the product of Jacobians of elliptic curves. This means the moduli spaces
embed into. There is a similar description for dimension 3 since an Abelian variety can be the product of Jacobians.

Period lattice formulation

If one describes the moduli space ' in intuitive terms, as the parameters on which an abelian variety depends, then the Schottky problem asks simply what condition on the parameters implies that the abelian variety comes from a curve's Jacobian. The classical case, over the complex number field, has received most of the attention, and then an abelian variety A is simply a complex torus of a particular type, arising from a lattice in C'g. In relatively concrete terms, it is being asked which lattices are the period lattices'' of compact Riemann surfaces.

Riemann's matrix formulation

Note that a Riemann matrix is quite different from any Riemann tensor
One of the major achievements of Bernhard Riemann was his theory of complex tori and theta functions. Using the Riemann theta function, necessary and sufficient conditions on a lattice were written down by Riemann for a lattice in Cg to have the corresponding torus embed into complex projective space. The data is what is now called a Riemann matrix. Therefore the complex Schottky problem becomes the question of characterising the period matrices of compact Riemann surfaces of genus g, formed by integrating a basis for the abelian integrals round a basis for the first homology group, amongst all Riemann matrices. It was solved by Takahiro Shiota in 1986.

Geometry of the problem

There are a number of geometric approaches, and the question has also been shown to implicate the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation, related to soliton theory.