Royal ArmouriesMs. I.33 is the earliest known surviving European fechtbuch, and one of the oldest surviving martial artsmanuals dealing with armed combat worldwide. I.33 is also known as the Walpurgis manuscript, after a figure named Walpurgis shown in the last sequence of the manuscript, and "the Tower manuscript" because it was kept in the Tower of London during 1950-1996; also referred to as British Museum No. 14 E iii, No. 20, D. vi. It was created around 1300 in Franconia and is first mentioned by Henricus a Gunterrodt in his De veriis principiis artis dimicatoriae of 1579. The manuscript is anonymous and is so titled through an association with the Royal Armouries Museum.
The manuscript
The manuscript including the text date to about 1270-1320 CE It is first mentioned by Henricus a Gunterrodt in his De veriis principiis artis dimicatoriae of 1579, where he reports it to have been acquired by a friend of his, one Johannes Herbart of Würzburg when serving in the force of Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach in the campaigns of 1552/3. It remained in a Franconian monastery until the mid-16th century. From the 17th century, the manuscript was part of the ducal library of Gotha until it disappeared in World War II and resurfaced at a Sotheby's auction in 1950, where it was purchased by the Royal Armouries. The author of the treatise may be a cleric called Lutegerus. The treatise expound a martial system of defensive and offensive techniques between a master and a pupil, referred to as sacerdos and scolaris, each armed with a sword and a buckler, drawn in ink and watercolour and accompanied with Latin text, interspersed with German fencing terms. On the last two pages, the pupil is replaced by a woman called Walpurgis. The pages of the manuscript are vellum, the 32 parchment folia of the manuscript show Latin text written in a clerical hand, using the various sigla which were standard at the time.
Contents
The pages are thought possibly or very likely from an earlier larger work, which have later been subsequently bound together separated from the other pages. The text provides guidance on the use of a single-handed sword. The fencing system is based on a number of wards which are answered by defensive postures. The wards are numbered 1 to 7 on the first two pages and supplemented by various 'special' wards later in the text. The seven basic wards are:
Sporadic dialectal elements in these terms suggest a location of composition consistent with the reported discovery in a Franconian monastery in the wider area of Würzburg.
