Roseola


Roseola, also known as sixth disease, is an infectious disease caused by certain types of virus. Most infections occur before the age of three. Symptoms vary from absent to the classic presentation of a fever of rapid onset followed by a rash. The fever generally lasts for three to five days, while the rash is generally pink and lasts for less than three days. Complications may include febrile seizures, with serious complications being rare.
It is caused by either human herpesvirus 6 or human herpesvirus 7. Spread is usually through the saliva of those who are otherwise healthy. However, it may also spread from the mother to baby during pregnancy. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms but can be confirmed with blood tests. Low numbers of white blood cells may also be present.
Treatment includes sufficient fluids and medications to treat the fever. Nearly all people are infected at some point in time. Males and females are affected equally often. The disease was first described in 1910 while the causal virus was determined in 1988. The disease may reactivate in those with a weakened immune system and may result in significant health problems.

Signs and symptoms

Roseola classically presents with two phases: fever and rash.

Fever

The virus begins with a three to six day febrile illness. During this time, temperatures can peak above 40 °C and children can experience increased irritability with general malaise. However, many children in the febrile phase feel well, engaged, and alert. For these patients, fever is usually diagnosed incidentally.
The most common complication and most common cause of hospitalization in children with primary infection of HHV-6B is febrile seizures which can precipitate status epilepticus due to the sudden rise in body temperature.

Rash

Once the febrile phase subsides, a rash develops. In some cases, the rash can present after one or two days after the fever resolves. The rash is classically described as an erythematous morbilliform exanthem and presents as a distribution of soft pink, discrete, and slightly raised lesions each with a 2-5mm diameter. It classically begins on the trunk and spreads outward to the neck, extremities, and face. This pattern is referred to as a centrifugal spread. Usually, peeling and itching are not characteristic of this rash. This phase can last anywhere from several hours to 2 days.

Other symptoms

A small percentage of children acquire HHV-6 with few signs or symptoms of the disease. Children with HHV-6 infection can also present with miringitis, upper respiratory symptoms, diarrhea, and a bulging fontanelle. In addition, children can experience pharyngitis with lymphoid hyperplasia seen on the soft palate and swelling of the eyelids. These symptoms usually present during the febrile phase of roseola. Cervical and postocciptal lymphadenopathy can also be seen, but this generally presents 2–4 days after the onset of the febrile phase.
In contrast, a child suffering from measles would usually appear sicker, with symptoms of conjunctivitis, cold-like symptoms, and a cough, and their rash would affect the face and last for several days. Liver dysfunction can occur in rare cases.
In rare cases, HHV-6 can become active in an adult previously infected during childhood and can show signs of mononucleosis.

Cause

There are nine known human herpesviruses. Of these, roseola has been linked to two: human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7, which are sometimes referred to collectively as Roseolovirus. These viruses are of the Herpesviridae family and the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, underwhich Cytomegalovirus is also classified. HHV-6 has been further classified into HHV-6A and HHV-6B, two distinct viruses which share 88% of the same RNA makeup, with HHV-6B the most common cause of roseola.
After infection, these viruses enter a latent phase. Roseola caused by HHV-7 has been linked to the ability of HHV-7 infection to reactivate latent HHV-6.

Spread

After exposure to roseola, the causative virus becomes latent in its host but is still present in saliva, skin, and lungs. HHV-6 is thought to be transmitted from previously exposed or infected adults to young children by the shedding of virus through saliva. Even so, most cases of roseola are transmitted without known exposure.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of roseola is made clinically based on the presence of the two phases: fever and rash. Laboratory testing is seldom used as the results do not alter management of the disease. An exception is in people who are immunocompromised in who serologic tests with viral identification can be used to confirm the diagnosis.
Roseola should be differentiated from other similar-appearing illnesses, such as rubella, measles, fifth disease, scarlet fever, and drug reactions. This differentiation may be determined based on symptoms.

Prevention

Many viruses can cause Roseola and are shed by carriers without symptoms. Because of this and the fact that most children with the disease are not seriously ill, there is no particular method of prevention. Proper hygenic measures, like regular handwashing, can be implemented as a routine method of prevention. Those who have been exposed or infected have been shown to shed the virus for the rest of their lives. Because of this, there are no current guidelines regarding children staying home or away from child-care when infected.
There is no specific vaccine for HHV-6 or HHV-7.

Treatment

Most cases of HHV-6 infection improve on their own. Because of this, supportive care is the mainstay treatment. The febrile phase can be managed using acetaminophen to control fever and prevent spikes in temperature which can lead to febrile seizures. In the case of febrile seizures, medical advice should be sought, and treatment aggressively pursued. Antiepileptic drugs are not recommended for patients who develop seizures from Roseola. Once children have entered the rash phase, reassurance is important as this indicates resolution of the infection.
If encephalitis occurs in immunocompromised children, ganciclovir or foscarnet have inconsistently shown usefulness in treatment. Treatment of children who are immunocompromised centers around decreasing their levels of immunosuppression as much as possible.

Prognosis

Children infected with roseola generally have a good prognosis. Most recover without intervention and without long-term effects.

Epidemiology

Between the two types of human herpesvirus 6, HHV-6B has been detected much more frequently in hosts. HHV-6B has been shown to affect about 90% of children before the age of 3. Out of these, 20% develop symptoms of roseola, also known as exanthem subitum.
Roseola affects girls and boys equally worldwide year-round. Roseola typically affects children between six months and two years of age, with peak prevalence in children between 7 and 13 months old. This correlates with the decrease in maternal antibodies, thus virus protection, that occurs at the age of 6 months. Out of all emergency department visits for children between the ages of 6 months and 12 months who have fever, twenty percent of these are due to HHV-6.
Many children who have been exposed and infected can present without symptoms, which makes determining the incidence within the population difficult.

History

John Zahorsky MD wrote extensively on this disease in the early 20th century, his first formal presentation was to the St Louis Pediatric society in 1909 where he described 15 young children with the illness. In a JAMA article published on Oct 18, 1913 he noted that "the name 'Roseola infantilis' had an important place in the medical terminology of writers on skin diseases" but that descriptions of the disease by previous writers tended to confuse it with many other diseases that produce febrile rashes. In this JAMA article Zahorsky reports on 29 more children with Roseola and notes that the only condition that should seriously be considered in the differential diagnosis is German Measles but notes that the fever of rubella only lasts a few hours whereas the prodromal fever of Roseola lasts three to five days and disappears with the formation of a morbilliform rash.

Names

CountryLocal name Translated name
BelgiumDriedagenkoorts
Zesde ziekte
Roséole
"three-day fever"
"sixth disease"
-
China 急疹 jí zhěn "fast rash"
Czech republicŠestá nemoc "sixth disease"
DenmarkTredagesfeber "three day fever"
EstoniaRoseool, kolme päeva palavikRoseola/three day fever
FinlandVauvarokko "baby measles"
FranceRoséole"Roseola"
GermanyDrei-Tage-Fieber "three-day fever"
GreeceΑιφνίδιο εξάνθημα "sudden rash"
HungaryHáromnapos láz
Hatodik betegség
"three-day fever"
"sixth disease"
IcelandMislingabróðir "measles' brother"
IsraelTifrachat vrooda תפרחת ורודה "rose/pink rash"
ItalySesta malattia "sixth disease"
Japan突発性発疹 toppatsuseihasshin"fast/sudden rash"
Korea 돌발진 Dolbaljin"fast/sudden rash"
MalaysiaCampak halus "small/tiny measles"
NetherlandsZesde ziekte "sixth disease"
NorwayFjerde barnesykdom "fourth disease"
PhilippinesTigdas Hangin "wind measles"
PolandGorączka trzydniowa "three-day fever"
RomanianRoseola
eruptia subita
Roseola
RussiaРозеола
шестая болезнь
Roseola
"sixth disease"
SingaporeJiǎ má 假麻 "false measles"
SlovakiaŠiesta choroba "sixth disease"
SloveniaŠesta bolezen "sixth disease"
South AfricaRoseola "Roseola"
SwedenTredagarsfeber
Sjätte sjukan
"three-day fever"
Sixth disease
TaiwanMéiguī zhěn 玫瑰疹 "rose rash"
TurkeyAltıncı hastalık "sixth disease"
VietnamSốt phát ban "baby rash"

Research

HHV-6 has been tentatively linked with neurodegenerative disease.