Originally a part of West Pond Plantation, Rome was first settled about 1780 by Richard Furbush from Lebanon. The town was incorporated on March 7, 1804, and named after Rome in Italy. Although farmers found the surface broken and uneven, the hills and valleys offered excellent grazing. By 1839, when the population was 1,074, it was described as "a beautiful farming town," with "a pleasant and flourishing village." In 1837, its wheat crop was 4,117 bushels. The ponds abounded in trout, perch and pickerel. By 1859, Rome had one sawmill, one gristmill, and one shingle mill, although agriculture remained the principal occupation. By 1870, when the population was 725, it had two post offices: Rome and Belgrade Mills. On April 4, 2013, 47-year-old Christopher Thomas Knight was arrested on suspicion of over a thousand burglaries. He was reported to have lived, on stolen supplies, in forests near Rome for 27 years with no intentional human contact.
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,010 people, 439 households, and 299 families living in the town. The population density was. There were 1,038 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the town was 98.5% White, 0.2% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 0.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.6% of the population. There were 439 households of which 25.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couplesliving together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.9% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.67. The median age in the town was 46.2 years. 19.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.9% were from 25 to 44; 37.4% were from 45 to 64; and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 51.5% male and 48.5% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 980 people, 386 households, and 289 families living in the town. The population density was 38.6 people per square mile. There were 941 housing units at an average density of 37.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98.27% White, 0.10% African American, 0.82% Native American, 0.10% Asian, and 0.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.31% of the population. There were 386 households out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.2% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.85. In the town, the population was spread out with 25.0% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.1 males. The median income for a household in the town was $42,344, and the median income for a family was $46,635. Males had a median income of $32,153 versus $26,042 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,355. About 7.0% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.5% of those under age 18 and 13.3% of those age 65 or over.
