Respiratory compensation
Respiratory compensation is the modulation by the brainstem respiratory centers, which involves altering alveolar ventilation to try and bring the plasma pH back to its normal value in order to keep the acid-base balance in the body. It usually occurs within minutes to hours and is much faster than renal compensation, but has less ability to restore normal values.
In metabolic acidosis, chemoreceptors sense a deranged acid-base balance with a plasma pH of lesser than normal. The chemoreceptors send afferent fibers to the brainstem respiratory centers. The brainstem respiratory centers increase alveolar ventilation so that carbon dioxide can be breathed off, resulting in an increase of plasma pH. The amount of respiratory compensation in metabolic acidosis can be estimated using Winters' formula.
In metabolic alkalosis, chemoreceptors sense a deranged acid-base balance with a plasma pH of greater than normal. The chemoreceptors send afferent fibers to the brainstem respiratory centers. The brainstem respiratory centers decrease alveolar ventilation to create a rise in arterial carbon dioxide tension, resulting in a decrease of plasma pH.
The respiratory brainstem centers can only compensate for metabolic acid-base disturbances. Renal compensation is needed to balance respiratory acid-base syndromes. The kidneys can compensate for both, respiratory and metabolic acid-base imbalances.
