Regina Elena-class battleship
The Regina Elena class was a group of four pre-dreadnought battleships built for the Italian Regia Marina between 1901 and 1908. The class comprised four ships:, the lead ship,,, and. Designed by Vittorio Cuniberti, they were armed with a main battery of two guns and twelve guns, and were capable of a top speed of. They were the fastest battleships in the world at the time of their commissioning, faster even than the British turbine-powered.
The ships saw service during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912 with the Ottoman Empire. They frequently supported Italian ground forces during the campaigns in North Africa and the islands of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. They served during World War I, in which Italy participated from 1915 to 1918, but they saw no combat as a result of the cautious policies adopted by the Italian and Austro-Hungarian navies. All four ships were discarded between 1923 and 1926 and broken up for scrap.
Design
Starting in 1899, Vittorio Cuniberti began design work on a warship armed with a uniform battery of twelve guns, armored with thick belt armor, and capable of a top speed of, on a displacement of. This proved to be the genesis of Cuniberti's later designs, which culminated in the British all-big-gun. When the 1899 design project was not accepted, Cuniberti turned his attention to a new design requirement for a battleship faster than all British and French battleships and stronger than the armored cruisers fielded by both navies. This resulted in a modified version of his earlier design, what came to be the Regina Elena class.General characteristics and machinery
The ships of the Regina Elena class were long at the waterline and long overall. They had a beam of and a draft of. They displaced at normal loading and up to at full combat load. The ships had a crew of 742-764 officers and enlisted men. The ships were initially fitted with two masts, but after refits early in their careers, Regina Elenas and Napolis foremasts were removed.The battleships' propulsion system consisted of two vertical four-cylinder triple expansion engines rated at. Steam for the engines was provided by twenty-eight coal-fired Belleville boilers in the first two ships, and 28 Babcock & Wilcox boilers in the last two, split between three boiler rooms. The boilers were trunked into three tall funnels. The ships' propulsion system provided a top speed in excess of ; Napoli, the fastest member of the class, reached on her speed trials. The ships had a range of approximately at. At the time of their completion, they were the fastest battleships in the world, faster even than the steam turbine-powered HMS Dreadnought.
Armament and armor
The Regina Elenas were armed with two Armstrong Whitworth 12 inch /40 naval gun| 40-caliber guns placed in two single gun turrets, one forward and one aft. The turrets were placed well clear of the superstructure, giving them a wide arc of fire, close to 300 degrees of rotation. Electric power was used for training and elevation of the turrets and ammunition handling. The lighter main battery, compared to other pre-dreadnought type battleships that typically carried twice as many heavy guns, was criticized by some observers, but Dr. Philip Alger writing in Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute noted that "it should be borne in mind that a pair of guns in a turret do not make twice as good shooting as a single gun," and that given the limited displacement of the design, it "was the wisest choice that could be made." Fire control for the guns was provided by Barr and Stroud rangefinders mounted on the conning tower. The ammunition magazines were fitted with refrigeration systems to minimize the risk of accidental explosions.The ships were also equipped with twelve EOC 8 inch 45 caliber| 45-cal. guns in six twin turrets amidships, which also used electrical operation. The central turrets were placed a deck higher than the others to permit them firing directly ahead and astern. Close-range defense against torpedo boats was provided by a battery of sixteen QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun| 40-cal. guns, though Roma and Napoli both had an additional eight guns of this caliber. All four ships were also equipped with two torpedo tubes placed in the hull below the waterline.
The ships were protected with Krupp cemented steel manufactured in Terni. The main belt was thick amidships, reduced to abreast of the main battery turrets, and thick at the bow and stern. The deck was thick. The conning tower was protected by of armor plating. The main battery guns had thick plating, and the 8-inch gun turrets had 6 in thick sides.
Ships of the class
| Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Completed |
| La Spezia | 27 March 1901 | 19 June 1904 | 11 September 1907 | |
| Castellammare di Stabia | 18 September 1901 | 12 October 1904 | 1 August 1908 | |
| La Spezia | 20 September 1903 | 21 April 1907 | 17 December 1908 | |
| Castellammare di Stabia | 21 October 1903 | 10 September 1905 | 1 September 1908 |
Service histories
The four ships of the Regina Elena class served in the active duty squadron after their commissioning through 1911 and participated in the peacetime routine of fleet training. On 29 September 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire, starting the Italo-Turkish War. The four ships saw action during the war in the 1st Division of the 1st Squadron. They participated in the operations off North Africa in the first months of the war, including escorting the crossing of the Italian expeditionary army sent to conquer Cyrenaica. Later in the war, they took part in the seizure of Rhodes and the Dodecanese.Italy initially remained neutral during World War I, but by 1915, had been convinced by the Triple Entente to enter the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Both the Italians and Austro-Hungarians adopted a cautious fleet policy in the confined waters of the Adriatic Sea, and so the four Regina Elena-class battleships did not see action. They spent the war rotating between the naval bases at Taranto, Brindisi, and Valona. After the end of the war, the ships of the class were included amongst the battleships that Italy could keep in service, but they were retained only for a few years. Between February 1923 and September 1926, all four ships were stricken from the naval register and broken up for scrap.