Red eye (medicine)


A red eye is an eye that appears red due to illness or injury. It is usually injection and prominence of the superficial blood vessels of the conjunctiva, which may be caused by disorders of these or adjacent structures. Conjunctivitis and subconjunctival hemorrhage are two of the less serious but more common causes.
Management includes assessing whether emergency action is needed, or whether treatment can be accomplished without additional resources.
Slit lamp examination is invaluable in diagnosis but initial assessment can be performed using a careful history, testing vision, and carrying out a penlight examination.

Diagnosis

Particular signs and symptoms may indicate that the cause is serious and requires immediate attention.
Six such signs are:
The most useful is a smaller pupil in the red eye than none red eye and sensitivity to bright lights.

Visual acuity

A reduction in visual acuity in a 'red eye' is indicative of serious ocular disease, such as keratitis, iridocyclitis, and glaucoma, and never occurs in simple conjunctivitis without accompanying corneal involvement.

Ciliary flush

Ciliary flush is usually present in eyes with corneal inflammation, iridocyclitis or acute glaucoma, though not simple conjunctivitis.
A ciliary flush is a ring of red or violet spreading out from around the cornea of the eye.

Corneal abnormalities

The cornea is required to be transparent to transmit light to the retina. Because of injury, infection or inflammation, an area of opacity may develop which can be seen with a penlight or ophthalmoscope. In rare instances, this opacity is congenital. In some, there is a family history of corneal growth disorders which may be progressive with age. Much more commonly, misuse of contact lenses may be a precipitating factor. Whichever, it is always potentially serious and sometimes necessitates urgent treatment and corneal opacities are the fourth leading cause of blindness.
Opacities may be keratic, that is, due to the deposition of inflammatory cells, hazy, usually from corneal edema, or they may be localized in the case of corneal ulcer or keratitis.

Corneal epithelial disruptions may be detected with fluorescein staining of the eye, and careful observation with cobalt-blue light.
Corneal epithelial disruptions would stain green, which represents some injury of the corneal epithelium.
These types of disruptions may be due to corneal inflammations or physical trauma to the cornea, such as a foreign body.

Pupillary abnormalities

In an eye with iridocyclitis,, the involved pupil will be smaller than the uninvolved, due to reflex muscle spasm of the sphincter muscle of the iris.
Generally, conjunctivitis does not affect the pupils.
With acute angle-closure glaucoma, the pupil is generally fixed in mid-position, oval, and responds sluggishly to light, if at all.
Shallow anterior chamber depth may indicate a predisposition to one form of glaucoma but requires slit-lamp examination or other special techniques to determine it.
In the presence of a "red eye", a shallow anterior chamber may indicate acute glaucoma, which requires immediate attention.

Abnormal intraocular pressure

Intraocular pressure should be measured as part of the routine eye examination.
It is usually only elevated by iridocyclitis or acute-closure glaucoma, but not by relatively benign conditions.
In iritis and traumatic perforating ocular injuries, the intraocular pressure is usually low.

Severe pain

Those with conjunctivitis may report mild irritation or scratchiness, but never extreme pain, which is an indicator of more serious disease such as keratitis, corneal ulceration, iridocyclitis, or acute glaucoma.

Differential diagnosis

Of the many causes, conjunctivitis is the most common. Others include:

Usually nonurgent
Usually urgent