The red-billed firefinch or Senegal firefinch is a small passerine bird. This estrildid finch is a resident breeding bird in most of Sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km2. The species was introduced to Egypt, however, the introduced population has become extinct. It was also introduced to southern Algeria where it is currently expanding northward.
Taxonomy
In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the red-billed firefinch in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected in Senegal. He used the French nameLe Sénégali rouge and the Latin nameSenegalus Ruber. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the red-billed firefinch. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial nameFringilla senegala and cited Brisson's work. The species is now placed in the genusLagonosticta that was introduced by the German ornithologists Jean Cabanis in 1851. There are six subspecies:
L. s. senegala – Mauritania, Senegal and Gambia to west and central Nigeria
L. s. rhodopsis – east Nigeria, north and central Cameroon and south Chad to Sudan, west Eritrea and west Ethiopia
L. s. brunneicepsSharpe, 1890 – central Ethiopia and southeast Sudan
L. s. somaliensisSalvadori, 1894 – southeast Ethiopia and south Somalia
L. s. rendalliHartert, 1898 – south Angola to Mozambique south to South Africa
Description
The red-billed firefinch is in length. The adult male has entirely scarlet plumage apart from brown wings. The bill is pink, and there is a yellow eye-ring. Females have uniformly brown upperparts and buff underparts. There is a small red patch in front of both eyes, with the bill also being pink.
Range and habitat
This widespread and abundant species is often found around human habitation, often with other species such as the red-cheeked cordon-bleu. Its soft queet-queet call is a familiar African sound. The song is a rising chick-pea-pea-pea. The red-billed firefinch is a small gregarious bird which feeds mainly on grain and other seeds. It frequents open grassland and cultivation. The nest is a large domed grass structure with a side entrance, built low in a bush, wall or thatch into which three to six white eggs are laid. The nest of this species is parasitised by the village indigobird.
