Rat-baiting
Rat baiting is a blood sport, which involves placing captured rats in a sunken pit or other enclosed area surrounded by spectators, and then betting on how long a dog, usually a terrier, takes to kill them by taking rats in its mouth and shaking them to death. Often, two dogs competed, with the winner receiving a cash prize. It is now illegal in most countries.
History
In 1835, the Parliament of the United Kingdom implemented an act called the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835, which prohibited the baiting of some animals such as the bull, bear, and other large animals. However, the law was not enforced for rat baiting and competitions came to the forefront as a gambling sport. At one time, London had at least 70 rat pits.Atmosphere
, a follower of the sport of rat baiting, described his experience and the atmosphere at one of the last old rat pits in London during those times.Rules
The officials included a referee and timekeeper. Pits were sometimes covered above with wire mesh or had additional security devices installed on the walls to prevent the rats from escaping. Rules varied from match to match.In one variation, a weight handicap was set for each dog. The competing dog had to kill as many rats as the number of pounds the dog weighed, within a specific, preset time. The prescribed number of rats was released and the dog was put in the ring. The clock started the moment the dog touched the ground. When the dog seized the last rat, his owner grabbed it and the clock stopped.
Rats that were thought still to be alive were laid out on the table in a circle before the referee. The referee then struck the animals three times on the tail with a stick. If a rat managed to crawl out of the circle, it was considered to be alive. Depending on the particular rules for that match, the dog may be disqualified or have to go back in the ring with these rats and kill them. The new time was added to the original time.
A combination of the quickest time, the number of rats, and the dog's weight decided the victory. A rate of five seconds per rat killed was considered quite satisfactory; 15 rats in a minute was an excellent result.
Cornered rats will attack and can deliver a very painful bite. Not uncommonly, a ratter was left with only one eye in its retirement.
Rat-catcher
Before the contest could begin, the capture of potentially thousands of rats was required. The rat catcher would be called upon to fulfill this requirement. Jack Black, a rat catcher from Victorian England supplied live rats for baiting.Technique
Faster dogs were preferred. They would bite once. The process was described as "rather like a sheepdog keeping a flock bunched to be brought out singly for dipping," where the dog would herd the rats together, and kill any rats that left the pack with a quick bite.Breeds
The ratting dogs were typically working terrier breeds, which included the bull and terrier, Bull Terrier, Bedlington Terrier, Fox Terrier, Jack Russell Terrier, Rat Terrier, Black and Tan Terrier, Manchester Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier, and Staffordshire Bull Terrier. The degree of care used in breeding these ratters is clear in their pedigrees, with good breeding leading to increased business opportunities. Successful breeders were highly regarded in those times. In modern times, the Plummer Terrier is considered a premiere breed for rat catching.Billy
A celebrated bull and terrier named "Billy" weighing about 12 kg, had a proud fighting history and his pedigree reflects the build-up over a period of years. The dog was owned by Charles Dew and was bred by breeder James Yardington. On the paternal side is "Old Billy" from the kennel of John Tattersal from Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, and was descended from the best line of all Old English Bulldogs. On the maternal side is "Yardington's Sal" descended from the Curley line. The pedigree of all these dogs can be traced back more than 40 years and numerous old accounts exist about them.The October 1822,edition of The Sporting Magazine provided descriptions of two rat pit matches with Billy, quoted as:
Billy's best competition results are:
| Date | Rats killed | Time | Time per rat | - |
| 1820–??-?? | 20 | 1 minute, 11 seconds | 3.6 seconds | - |
| 1822-09-03 | 100 | 8 minutes, 45 seconds | 5.2 seconds | - |
| 1822-10-24 | 100 | 7 minutes, 17 seconds | 4.4 seconds | - |
| 1822-11-13 | 100 | 6 minutes, 25 seconds | 3.8 seconds | - |
| 1823-04-22 | 100 | 5 minutes, 30 seconds | 3.3 seconds | * Record |
| 1823-08-05 | 120 | 8 minutes, 20 seconds | 4.1 seconds | - |
Billy's career was crowned on 22 April 1823, when a world record was set with 100 rats killed in five and a half minutes. This record stood until 1862, when it was claimed by another ratter named "Jacko". Billy continued in the rat pit until old age, reportedly with only one eye and two teeth remaining.
Jacko
According to the Sporting Chronicle Annual, the world record in rat killing is held by a black and tan bull and terrier named "Jacko", weighing about 13 lb and owned by Jemmy Shaw. Jacko had these contest results:| Date | Rats killed | Time | Time per rat | - |
| 1861-08-08 | 25 | 1 minute, 28 seconds | 3.5 seconds | - |
| 1862-07-29 | 60 | 2 minutes, 42 seconds | 2.7 seconds | * Record |
| 1862-05-01 | 100 | 5 minutes, 28 seconds | 3.3 seconds | * Record |
| 1862-06-10 | 200 | 14 minutes, 37 seconds | 4.4 seconds | - |
| 1862-05-01 | 1000 | in less than 100 minutes | 6.0 seconds | - |
Jacko set two world records, the first on 29 July 1862, with a killing time of 2.7 seconds per rat and the second on 1 May 1862, with his fight against 100 rats, where Jacko worked two seconds faster than the previous world record holder "Billy". The feat of killing 1,000 rats took place over a 10-week period, with 100 rats being killed each week ending on 1 May 1862.
Tiny the Wonder
was a famous mid-19th century English Toy Terrier that could kill 200 rats in an hour, which he achieved twice, on 28 March 1848 and 27 March 1849, with time to spare. For a period of time Tiny maintained the record for killing 300 rats in under 55 minutes. Tiny only weighed five and a half pounds with a neck so small, a woman's bracelet could be used as a dog collar. From 1848 to 1849, Tiny was owned by Jemmy Shaw, the landlord of the Blue Anchor Tavern at 102 Bunhill Row, St. Luke's, London Borough of Islington; the pub is now named the Artillery Arms. Tiny was a star attraction at the Blue Anchor Tavern, with crowds gathering to watch the action in the rat pit. Shaw preferred to acquire the rats from Essex as opposed to sewer rats to decrease potential health risks to Tiny. Shaw was able to keep up to 2,000 rats at his establishment. This is a commentary about Tiny from a poster published from those times:Jack
Jack was a Black and Tan Terrier owned by Kit Burns in New York City in the mid- to late 19th century. Jack was a prized ratter, and Burns claimed that Jack killed 100 rats in 5 minutes and 40 seconds. Burns had Jack taxidermied and mounted him, alongside other prized dogs, on the bar of his tavern called the Sportsmen's Hall, located at 273 Water Street. Burns' first-floor amphitheatre could hold 100 spectators who were charged an admission of $1.50 to $5.00 depending on the dogs' quality, nearly a skilled labourer's daily wages. The rat pit was about 8 ft square with 4-ft-high walls. On the New York City waterfront rat baiting was quite lucrative with a purse of $125 not uncommon. This created a high demand for rats with some rat catchers earning $0.05-0.12 per rat.Kit Burns' rat-pit activities are described by author James Dabney McCabe in his book Secrets of the Great City, published in 1868, at page 388, as follows:
On November 31, 1870, Henry Bergh the founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals raided the Sportsman's Hall and arrested Burns under an antianimal cruelty law passed by the New York state legislature four years prior. The Sportsman Hall stayed permanently closed after the raid.
Decline
The last public competition in the United Kingdom took place in Leicester in 1912. The owner was prosecuted and fined, and had to give a promise to the court that he would never again promote such entertainment. Toward the latter half of Queen Victoria's reign, a more humane attitude toward canines gradually emerged, with the queen's love of animals setting the example. Baiting sports diminished in popularity and the exhibition of dogs slowly replaced the attractions of the dog pit.Ratting in modern times
Ratting and rat baiting are not the same activities. Ratting is the legal use of dogs for pest control of noncaptured rats in an unconfined space, such as a barn or field. Due to rat infestations, terriers are now being used for ratting to hunt and kill rats in major cities around the world, including the United Kingdom, the United States and Vietnam. Although ratting with working terriers is far less efficient than using rodenticide or rat traps, the potential for the killing of nontarget species is zero.In popular culture
In Michael Crichton's The Great Train Robbery, a "ratting gentleman" is depicted gambling in a rat-baiting competition.In the movie Gangs of New York, a scene involves rat baiting.