Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge
The Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge made up of several parcels of land along of Maine's southern coast. Created in 1966, it is named for environmentalist and author Rachel Carson, whose book Silent Spring raised public awareness of the effects of DDT on migratory songbirds, and of other environmental issues.
The refuge's parcels include protected areas between Kittery and Cape Elizabeth, including land in Wells, Kennebunk, Kennebunkport, Biddeford, Saco, and Scarborough.
The refuge protects of estuary salt marsh and uplands that drain into the Webhannet River, or about one-ninth of the river's watershed.
The refuge's headquarters are on Route 9 in Wells.
The refuge protects various kinds of habitat, including barrier beach, dune, tidal estuary, salt marsh, and rocky coastline. The piping plover, an endangered species, nests on refuge land.
Wildlife and habitat
The Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge was established to preserve ten important estuaries that are key points along migration routes of waterfowl and other migratory birds. During harsh winters, the refuge's marshes provide vital food and cover for waterfowl and other migrating birds at a time when inland waters are frozen. The refuge also supports piping plover, least terns, peregrine falcons, bald eagles, and other state and federally protected species. Nesting success of plover and terns has benefitted from the increased habitat protection. In addition to anadromous fish, many commercially and recreationally important fin and shellfish rely on these coastal wetlands as critical nursery areas.Refuge lands total over in eleven geographic units from Kittery to Cape Elizabeth, Maine. In 1989, the refuge boundary expanded to include salt marsh, freshwater wetlands, and "critical edge" uplands around each of the nine divisions. In addition, the Biddeford Pool Division, the tenth division of the refuge, was created. This division serves as a key staging area in southern Maine for a large number and diversity of shorebirds. In 2007 the final Comprehensive Conservation Plan was signed, adding the eleventh division, York River Division. When land acquisitions are complete, the refuge will be about in size.
In 1984, a National Estuarine Research Reserve was established in Wells, Maine. The reserve land is made up of portions of the Upper and Lower Wells divisions of the refuge. Together, the reserve and refuge function to further the knowledge and understanding of estuaries throughout the community. The goal is to promote an increased stewardship and, ultimately, a greater protection of the estuaries.
Threatened and endangered wildlife species
The piping plover is designated federally threatened and state endangered in Maine. Fifty to 75% of the Maine piping plover population nests at sites on or near the refuge, including Crescent Surf Beach, Goosefare Brook, and Marshall Point at Goose Rocks.New England cottontails are found in Maine. Cottontails inhabit early successional habitat that was relatively abundant in the early to mid-20th century. As farms were abandoned, the species did very well. Subsequently, increased development and reforestation has led to a population decline as this type of habitat became increasingly rare. The refuge prohibited rabbiting starting in 1998 because of ongoing population declines. Subsequently, the Service was petitioned in 2000 to list the New England cottontail under the Endangered Species Act. Currently, New England cottontail is listed as a Candidate Species under the Endangered Species Act and as endangered in Maine.
Migratory birds
Salt marsh birds
In 1995, sharp-tailed sparrows were divided into two separate species: the Nelson's sharp-tailed sparrow and the saltmarsh sharp-tailed sparrow. Saltmarsh sharp-tailed sparrows are found in salt marshes along the Atlantic coast from the Delmarva Peninsula north to southern Maine. Within the refuge both species are found only on salt marshes. The saltmarsh sharp-tailed sparrow is an obligate salt marsh species that spends its entire life cycle on salt marshes.Waterbirds
s frequent the lower reaches of tidal creeks of all refuge divisions from late autumn through early spring. They are commonly observed feeding on green crabs and small fish. During spring, summer and autumn migration, 11 species of wading birds use the estuarine systems of the refuge.Waterfowl
Twenty-six species of waterfowl are recorded from the refuge. The most commonly observed species are American black duck, Canada goose, mallard, green-winged teal, common goldeneye, bufflehead, and red-breasted merganser. Dabbling ducks use salt pannes and the upper reaches of tidal creeks, while diving ducks prefer deeper parts of the tidal creeks and the mouths of rivers and streams. Black ducks, mallards, and increasing numbers of Canada geese breed on each division of the refuge. Wood ducks breed on the Upper Wells and Mousam River Divisions each year.Shorebirds
Southern coastal Maine is a migration and staging area for much of the North American shorebird population. Thousands of shorebirds feed along coastal beaches and mudflats as they migrate through the state. Biddeford Pool serves as one of the top shorebird staging areas in southern Maine. The most common species observed in the autumn include semipalmated plover, black-bellied plover, least sandpiper, greater yellowlegs, short-billed dowitcher, and semipalmated sandpiper. These species and others typically feed in the mudflats at low tide. Most shorebirds feed in salt pannes and roost in pannes and adjacent upland areas during high tides.Gulls and terns
and great black-backed gulls are the most common gull species sighted on the refuge. They frequent all divisions throughout the year, but are most abundant in the autumn and winter when they roost on the marsh and tidal flats, and occasionally steal food from diving ducks in tidal creeks. Ring-billed gulls also are common throughout the refuge, particularly during non-breeding season. During autumn and winter migration, Bonaparte's gulls feed and roost at the mouths of tidal creeks and rivers throughout the refuge, but they are most abundant on the Biddeford Pool, Upper Wells, and Lower Wells divisions.Least terns nest on the refuge in several locations. In the mid-1980s, common terns nested in the salt marsh on the Lower Wells and Little River divisions. Roseate terns nested on West Goose Rocks Island in 1985, and lately, have been observed along Crescent Surf Beach in the Upper Wells Division. In 2003, Crescent Surf Beach hosted the largest nesting colony of least terns in Maine. Early season crow predation and late season owl and coyote predation depressed productivity. The refuge controls diurnal predators such as crows and foxes with several techniques, including hazing, fencing, trapping, and shooting. Least terns also nest at Laudholm Beach, Goose Rocks, Higgins, and Reid State Park. During migration, large numbers of common terns, along with smaller numbers of roseate terns, stage at Crescent Surf Beach.
Land birds
Over 120 species of land birds have been recorded at the refuge, with over 72 nesting. Some of those include great crested flycatcher, tree swallow, hermit thrush, black-throated green warbler, scarlet tanager, and others. Forests, woodlands, and swamps surrounding refuge salt marshes also provide habitat for many raptors. Many migrating raptors use forested areas next to marshes as hunting perches and feeding areas. Sharp-shinned hawk, Cooper's hawk, and broad-winged hawk have nested in forested habitat on the refuge. Northern goshawks and red-tailed hawks nest in the area. During migration, many raptors move through the refuge. Northern harriers are the only raptor species thought to breed in the estuarine communities of the refuge.Mammals
are the mammal most commonly observed on the refuge. Their trails cut through certain portions of the salt marsh on each division, although they more typically are observed along marsh edges and in surrounding forests. The refuge lies entirely within Wildlife Management District No. 24, which had an estimated winter deer population density of in 1997. The Wildlife Division Research and Management Report stated that the herd has continued to grow at 15 percent per year, and the wintering deer population density is now nearly. In certain areas of the refuge, hunting is prohibited because of state designated Game Sanctuaries. Deer population densities in those areas are estimated from to more than. Those densities far exceed the state target of 50 percent to 60 percent of carrying capacity.Raccoon tracks and scats abound on all divisions. Their sign most often appears along the edges of tidal creeks and salt pannes, where they search for green crabs and small fish. Care must be taken to distinguish raccoon sign from that of river otters, another mammal that forages extensively in the marshes. River otters are observed infrequently in the salt hay along the edges of tidal creeks. Most recently, river otters were seen in the Merriland River and Branch Brook in the Upper Wells Division.
Mink, striped skunk, red fox, and coyote also hunt within the estuary. Beaver and muskrat are occasionally seen swimming in tidal creeks. A few harbor seal haul-out sites exist on the Brave Boat harbor, Lower Wells, Mousam River and Goose Rocks divisions. Peak use occurs during the winter, but individuals are observed throughout the year. The Lower Wells haul-out site receives the most use, with peak counts of 30 seals. During the winter months harp seals, and occasionally hooded seals and grey seals, can be found basking on refuge salt marshes and in offshore waters. Seal strandings are a common occurrence, and are reported to marine animal rescue agencies.
Many large mammals are found on or near the refuge. Moose and black bear are becoming more common in southern Maine as their populations continue to grow. They have been sighted on all refuge divisions except Moody. A bobcat was reported as sporadically using the Upper and Lower Wells divisions in 1991 and 1992. Fishers are increasingly sighted on the refuge; a vehicle killed a fisher near refuge headquarters in 1998, and several sightings around the headquarters have occurred since then. Gray fox and short-tailed weasel most likely use several refuge divisions. Porcupines and woodchucks are found throughout the refuge, where they occur in varied habitats.
Snowshoe hares are found in forests throughout the refuge in areas with dense understory. White-footed mice, meadow jumping mice, and meadow voles occasionally use the edge of salt marsh habitat. Masked shrews, northern short-tailed shrews, southern red-backed voles, and pine voles have also been caught in salt marshes.
Other small mammals that commonly are found on the refuge include eastern chipmunk, American red squirrel, and eastern grey squirrel. These species are most common in pine-oak forests where acorns are abundant. Southern flying squirrel is recorded for the Upper Wells and Brave Boat divisions, but they probably also occur in other areas with mature pine-oak forest. Other small mammals that are known or are likely to occur on the refuge include hairy-tailed mole, star-nosed mole, smoky shrew, and house mouse.
Reptiles and amphibians
The refuge has a limited amount of freshwater cattail marsh or pond habitat. However, within its uplands, the refuge protects an extensive network of rivers, uplands and vernal pools, which provide important amphibian and reptile habitat. Frog call counts and limited vernal pool surveys were conducted on the refuge; American toad, green frog, wood frog, pickerel frog, bullfrog, gray tree frog, and spring peeper are documented as breeding on most refuge divisions. In addition, yellow-spotted salamanders, red back salamanders, and eastern newts are recorded as common breeders. The blue-spotted salamander and northern leopard frog are uncommon, but likely are breeders on the refuge.Documented species on the refuge
, ribbon snake, smooth green snake, redbelly snake, painted turtle, snapping turtle, and spotted turtle are documented species within the refuge. Species that are likely to use the refuge but are not documented include ringneck snake, milk snake, northern water snake, brown snake, Blanding's turtle, and possibly, eastern racer, wood turtle and common musk turtle. Records indicate that both Blanding's turtle and spotted turtle occur in many locations along the refuge boundary. Wood turtle and black racer records are much less common, and musk turtle records in the vicinity of the refuge are nonexistent. Surveys targeted at detecting turtles and snakes could be developed and implemented on refuge lands with particular attention to the occurrence of the rare, secretive Blanding's turtle. Lands within the proposed acquisition boundary in Kennebunk and Biddeford have extensive vernal pool habitat that would benefit several Species of Concern.Fish
Coastal marshes, bays, tidal creeks, and rivers support diverse shellfish and finfish populations. Sunfish, creek chub, cunner, golden shiner, common mummichog, American eel, and white sucker abound. Brook trout and brown trout are stocked in rivers and estuaries each year. The Ogunquit River sustains alewife, blueback herring, pollock, bluefish, longhorn sculpin, and winter flounder. The Webhannet River has native species such as winter flounder, northern pipefish, Atlantic herring, common mummichog, Atlantic silversides and Atlantic mackerel. The Merriland River sustains populations of American eel, brown trout, and brook trout. The Mousam River attracts little skate, American shad, striped bass, bluefish, cunner, Atlantic mackerel, pollock, and rainbow smelt. The Spurwink River supports blueback herring, Atlantic menhaden, American shad, pollock, cunner, winter flounder, and little skate. Striped bass and brown trout are popular recreational fishing resources in the area. The National Marine Fisheries Service has designated as "essential fish habitat" areas that provide substrate necessary for fish spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity. Estuaries within the refuge boundaries are part of that essential fish habitat.Habitat types
Rachel Carson NWR is approximately 35 percent tidal, 10 percent freshwater wetlands and 55 percent uplands. Tidal habitats include beach, dune, dune grassland, river, rocky shore, estuarine, bay, and salt marsh. Freshwater wetlands include cattail marsh, bog, emergent scrub-shrub wetlands, pocket swamps, red maple swamps, and floodplain forest. The majority of the upland forests consist of mixed oak and pine forest. However, hemlock, spruce and pitch pine stands occur, as well as hickory and maple forests.Viburnums, winterberry, blueberry, serviceberry, Virginia rose, and male berry comprise much of the shrub understory. Other upland habitats consist of grassland units and thicket units. Habitats are quite diverse, containing elements from the more southern oak-pine forests and the coniferous forests of the north. Southern Maine is where these two community types collide and blend, creating a wealth of biodiversity.
The refuge has exemplary natural communities that include a coastal dune marsh ecosystem, Spartina saltmarsh, white oak – red oak forest, dune grassland, and pitch pine bog.